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- Cell biology (3658 bytes)
1: ...acterium|bacteria]] and specialized cells in multicellular organisms like [[human]]s.
3: ... be extrapolated and generalized to other cell types.
4: Research in cell biology is closely related to [[genetics]], [[bio...
6: ==Processes in cell biology==
8: ...teins destined to be degraded move back into intracellular compartments <!-- (I forget what they are cal... - Cell (biology) (28190 bytes)
1: [[Image:Epithelial-cells.jpg|right|thumb|160px|Cells in culture, [[stain]]ed for [[keratin]] (red) an...
2: ...ve an estimated 100,000 billion = 10<sup>14</sup> cells).
3: ...ransmitting information to the next generation of cells.
5: ... likeness he saw between [[cork (material)|cork]] cells and small rooms.
8: ===Properties of cells=== - Cell nucleus (3211 bytes)
1: ... store [[information]] needed for [[cell division|cellular division]].
3: ...he largest [[organelle]] (in some cases not), varies in diameter from 10 to 20 [[micrometre]]s.
4: ...h [[ribosome]]s. The space between the two membranes (called the "perinuclear space") is continuous wi...
8: ...]. (2) [[Ribosome]]s. (3) [[Nuclear pore]] complexes. (4) [[Nucleolus]].<br>
10: ...rounded by cytoplasm. (Drawing is based on ER images.)<br> - Plant cell (2762 bytes)
1: ...[Image:Plant_cell_structure.jpg|thumb|320px|Plant cell structure]]
3: ...kingdom's [[organism]]s. Their distinctive features are:
5: ...cell's [[turgor]] and controls movement of molecules between the cytosol and sap.
6: ...i]], which are made of [[chitin]], and [[prokaryotes]], which are made of [[peptidoglycan]].
7: ...ach plant cell to communicate with other adjacent cells. This is different from the network of [[hyphae]... - Cell (29541 bytes)
1: [[Image:Epithelial-cells.jpg|right|thumb|160px|Cells in culture, [[stain]]ed for [[keratin]] (red) an...
2: ...ve an estimated 100,000 billion = 10<sup>14</sup> cells).
3: ...ransmitting information to the next generation of cells.
5: ... likeness he saw between [[cork (material)|cork]] cells and small rooms.
8: ===Properties of cells=== - Cell division (1579 bytes)
2: ...procreation ([[vegetative reproduction]]) in [[unicellular organism]]s.
4: ...lticellular organisms, fusing to form new diploid cells.
6: ...can no longer protect the chromosome. [[Cancer]] cells, on the other hand, are "immortal." An [[enzyme...
9: * [[Cell cycle]]
10: * [[Cell growth]] - Cell cycle (2937 bytes)
1: ...sts of [[interphase]], [[mitosis]], and usually [[cell division]].
2: The cell cycle is regulated by [[cyclin]]s and [[cyclin-de...
3: ... these central molecules in the regulation of the cell cycle.
5: ==Phases==
7: The phases of the cell cycle are: - Solar cell (27643 bytes)
1: ...effect'''. The field of research related to solar cells is known as [[photovoltaics]].
3: ...plications, etc. Solar cells (in the form of modules or [[solar panels]]) are appearing on building ro...
5: ...[image:solar_cell.png|thumb|250x|right|A '''solar cell''', made from a poly-crystalline silicon wafer]]
10: ...ght and the name of the [[Italian]] physicist [[Alessandro Volta|Volta]], after whom the [[volt]] (and...
13: ''Main article'': [[Timeline of solar cells]] - Cell wall (6206 bytes)
1: ...l wall degrading [[enzyme]]s, what is left of the cell and its surrounding plasma membrane is called a [...
3: == Plant cell walls ==
5: ...is induced by excess water inside the plant cell. Cell walls protect agains [[pathogen]]s and the enviro...
7: ...t to the protoplasts of adjacent cells across the cell wall.
9: ...lasmodesma to connect cells through the secondary cell walls.
Page text matches
- Steel (28384 bytes)
1: :''See [[Steel (disambiguation)]] for other uses.''
3: ...ution in the alloy controls the qualities of the resulting steel. Steel with increased carbon content...
5: ...alloying materials, and carbon, if present, is undesired. A more recent definition is that steels are ...
8: ...dissolves carbon quite readily, so that smelting results in an alloy containing too much carbon to be ...
11: ...ts [[pearl]]-like appearance, or the similar but less beautiful [[bainite]]. - Marie Antoinette (40871 bytes)
2: ... [[16 October]] [[1793]]) Daughter of [[Maria Theresa of Austria]], wife of [[Louis XVI]] and mother o...
4: ... baby as "a small, but completely healthy Archduchess."
6: ...erdinand-Karl ? already had important official roles within the [[Hapsburg]] Empire.
7: ...nsidered one of the most brilliant political figures in Europe.]]
9: ...r in marriage - Marie-Antoinette (much to the Empress's amusement.) - Mae Jemison (5527 bytes)
3: ...t in the [[Spacelab]] laboratory module. Jemison resigned from NASA in March 1993.
5: ...ell-versed in African and [[African-American Studies]] and is trained in [[dance]] and [[choreography]...
7: ...]] in West Africa. Returning to Los Angeles, she resumed her medical practice, working with CIGNA Heal...
9: Dr. Jemison, the youngest of three children, was born on [[October 17]], [...
11: ... camp. She completed her internship at [[Los Angeles County-USC Medical Center]] in 1982. - Ulrike Meinhof (1853 bytes)
7: ... press. Meinhof wrote many of the tracts and manifestos that the group produced, including the concept...
9: ... killed by representatives of the German authorities.
11: == Related articles == - Julian of Norwich (1710 bytes)
1: ...thbed, Julian had a series of intense visions. These visions would twenty years later be the source o... - Hannah Szenes (4490 bytes)
3: '''Hannah Szenes''' (or '''Chana Senesh''') ([[July 17]], [[1921]] - [[November 7]], [[1...
7: ...e continued to live with her mother Katherine Szenes and a brother.
9: Szenes entered a private protestant girl's school open – with increased [[t...
11: ...the [[Haganah]]. February 4, 1942 she visited [[Caesarea]]. In 1943 she enlisted in the British army. ...
13: ... group]]. In May 13th, 1944, Hannah and her comrades crossed the Hungarian border in small groups. She... - Lucille Ball (12427 bytes)
2: ...e star]] of the [[1940s]], she became one of the best and most popular stars in American history.
5: ...ence. Right then, Ball decided that she needed to escape the traumas of her life.
7: ...royalty" honor with [[Macdonald Carey]], who was designated as her "king".
9: ...ff immediately and eloped the same year to much press attention. However, Arnaz's philandering and dri...
11: ...uple's [[Desilu]] production company, so the Arnazes toured the road in a [[vaudeville]] act with Luci... - Orchidaceae (20056 bytes)
7: {{Taxobox_ordo_entry | taxon = [[Asparagales]]}}
14: ...than all vertebrates combined, excluding bony fishes. Orchids, through their floral complexity and the...
16: ...bterranean tuberoids in some [[terrestrial]] species. The word 'orchis' was first used by [[Theophrast...
18: ... in their natural habitat, are considered by [[CITES]] as threatened or endangered. They are therefore...
20: == General description == - Botany (8977 bytes)
1: ...rphogenesis|development]], [[phytopathology|diseases]], and [[evolution]] of [[plant|plants]].
9: ...iodiversity|communities]] of plants. At each of these levels a botanist might be concerned with the cl...
11: ...mewhat superficially, in introductory botany courses.
13: ...f plants is crucial to the future of human societies as it allows us to:
15: * Understand fundamental life processes - Nervous system (3163 bytes)
1: ...d processes input from the [[sense]]s, and initiates [[action (philosophy)|action]]s. (see [[Central N...
3: ...ts and emotions. Thus it is the system that animates "animals" ([[sponge]]s are an exception). Chemica...
6: ...nsists basically of two types of [[cell (biology)|cells]]:
7: *[[Neuron]]s are the primary cells of the nervous system
8: *[[Glia]] are secondary cells involved in nourishment and structural support. - Respiratory system (5107 bytes)
1: ...at engages in [[gas exchange]]. Even trees have respiratory systems, taking in [[carbon dioxide]] and...
3: ==Respiratory system in humans and animals==
4: ... bringing air into and out of the lungs during [[respiration]].
6: ===Parts of the Respiratory System===
10: ...main bronchus]] and the [[left main bronchus]] tubes that carry air to and from the lungs - Circulatory system (8794 bytes)
1: ...he [[organ (anatomy)|organ system]] which circulates [[blood]] around the [[body]] of most [[animal]]s...
8: #Collection of metabolic wastes and delivery to the excretory organs, e.g. [[kidn...
12: ==Types of circulatory systems==
15: ...s drawn back into the [[heart]] as the heart relaxes.
18: ...of blood vessels consisting of arteries, capillaries and veins. - Lymphatic system (6229 bytes)
1: .... It also transports [[fat]]s from the [[small intestine]] to the [[blood]].
4: ...lects this fluid by diffusion into lymph capillaries, and returns it to the circulatory system. Once w...
7: ....e. they run along the underside of the collar bones).
9: ...lymphatic_system.gif|right|frame|Major lymphatic vessels in humans]]
11: ...at are released to the circulatory system are processed by the [[liver]], having passed through the sy... - Human skeleton (3903 bytes)
4: ...bone at the base of the spine) consists of six bones which are separated at birth but fuse together in...
6: ...[[hyoid]] bone, which does not touch any other bones in the body.
8: ...dy is the [[femur]] and the smallest is the [[stapes]] bone in the [[middle ear]].
11: ...vital organ]]s and is needed by the [[muscle|muscles]] for movement.
14: ...of the upper limb, bones of the [[pelvis]] and bones of the lower limb. - Digestion (4206 bytes)
1: ...icellular]], [[cell (biology)|cellular]], and sub-cellular levels.
3: ...rganisms. The process of ingestion usually involves some type of mechanical manipulation.
5: == Human digestion ==
7: ''See:'' [[Gastrointestinal tract]]
9: ...s are activated or deactivated to extract and process various nutrients. - Immune system (14564 bytes)
1: ...s an [[organism]] from outside biological influences. In the broad sense, almost every organ has a pro...
3: ...sponding to new influences by mounting an immune response.
5: ==Types==
6: ... While study of the bacterial immune system provides useful insights into immunology, higher organisms...
8: ...[[parasite]]s), some [[poison]]s, as well as suppressing [[cancer]]. - Brain (22060 bytes)
3: ...and body temperature. Functions of the brain are responsible for [[cognition]], [[emotion]], [[memory]...
5: ...ross gaps known as [[synapse]]s. Small invertebrates such as [[insect]]s may have a million [[neuron]]...
9: ... lobes'' that are flanked by two large optical lobes on the left and right (Butler, 2000).
11: ...teristic of animals with more advanced brains. These convolutions evolved to provide more surface are...
14: ...self. [[Stroke]], caused by blockage of [[blood vessel]]s in the brain, is another major cause of dea... - Ear (6659 bytes)
3: ...e system responsible for collection and early processing of sound (the beginning of the [[auditory sys...
10: ...the [[middle ear]]. This tube amplifies frequencies in the range 3 [[Kilohertz|kHz]] to 12 ...
13: ...ccasionally will be found looking fused and "lobeless". The helix is the outer edge of the outer ear[...
15: ...ions: the ''hammer'', ''anvil'', and ''stirrup'' respectively.
17: ...r bones. The incus and stapes are derived from bones of the jaw, and allow finer detection of sound. - Human brain (15406 bytes)
1: ...|thumb|250px|Illustration of the Human Brain courtesy of [http://classroomclipart.com Classroom Clipar...
7: Human [[encephalization]] is especially pronounced in the [[neocortex]], the most...
9: ...s well as profoundly developed protypical structures of the [[brain stem]]. But the human brain is uni...
13: ...[[infant]]s, it consumes about 60%.) This generates a lot of [[heat]], which must be removed to preve...
15: ... only the [[medulla oblongata]] visible as it merges with the [[spinal cord]]. - Artery (6875 bytes)
1: ...y ( by contrast, [[vein]]s are the return path tubes).
3: ...ls and elastic tissue. The outermost layer (furthest from the flow of blood) is known as the ''[[tuni...
5: ...nd blood volume variation within the artery produces the pulse which is palpable in any artery, reflec...
7: ...e]]. Similarly, the [[pulmonary]] arterial pressures, e.g 25/6 mmHg, are generated by the contractions...
9: ...1.8 lbf/in², above surrounding atmospheric pressure (about 760 mmHg or 14.7 lbf/in² at sea l...
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