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- Steel (28384 bytes)
1: :''See [[Steel (disambiguation)]] for other uses.''
3: ...ution in the alloy controls the qualities of the resulting steel. Steel with increased carbon content...
5: ...alloying materials, and carbon, if present, is undesired. A more recent definition is that steels are ...
8: ...dissolves carbon quite readily, so that smelting results in an alloy containing too much carbon to be ...
11: ...ts [[pearl]]-like appearance, or the similar but less beautiful [[bainite]]. - Maria Theresa of Austria (8450 bytes)
1: ...[[1780]]. Also see [[Maria Theresa of Spain]], a less known relative of hers, who was the queen consor...
3: ... Hungary and Bohemia, Archduchess of Austria, Duchess of Parma, Piacenza, and Guastalla]]
4: ...emia]] from [[1740]] to [[1780]]. She became empress when her husband was elected [[Holy Roman Empire...
6: ...arles' death ([[1740]]) the [[War of Austrian Succession]] began.
8: ...ne]] with whom she had sixteen children. Her youngest daughter was [[Marie Antoinette]] who would be p... - Anna of Russia (5221 bytes)
1: ...vna, Empress and Autocrat of all the Russias, Duchess of Courland]]
3: ...to 1730 and as Empress of [[Russia]] from 1730 to 1740.
7: ...death of her husband, but was reputed by her enemies to indulge in a love affair with [[Count Biron]] ...
10: ...sing her popularity with the imperial guards and lesser nobility.
13: ==Policies of her reign== - Elizabeth of Russia (14144 bytes)
1: ...s.jpg|thumb|270px|H.I.M. Yelizaveta Petrovna, Empress and Autocrat of all the Russias (1709-62)]]
3: ...[[St Petersburg]]. Generally, she was one of the best loved Russian monarchs, because she didn't allow...
5: ==Life before becoming Empress==
7: Elizabeth, the youngest daughter of [[Peter the Great]] and [[Catherine ...
9: ...es with more fluency than accuracy. From her earliest years she delighted every one by her extraordina... - Scientific revolution (17675 bytes)
1: ...the [[18th century]]. Nevertheless, the basic themes of the revolution are readily recognised.
7: ...lack of recognition of these fundamental differences.
9: ...rld; there is no concern here with "other narratives" or alternate ways of knowing, or the like.
11: ...rized in the following lists of significant advances in science:
15: ...h largely superseded by later work, are none the less important contributions to science.) - Sheng (instrument) (1217 bytes)
1: ...b|right|250px|A Sheng player beside the River Thames, London, England.]]
3: ...rtical tubes, in the [[Music of China|Chinese orchestra]].
5: ...h some believe shengs were known in Europe centuries earlier. However, it was only in the early [[1800...
7: ...ccompaniment]] for Chinese music pieces in an orchestra, while being given little or no [[melody]].
9: ...layer would close up one or more holes to play a desired [[note]]. - Iraq (19222 bytes)
1: ...UK (as reported by BBC news, CNN, The New York Times, The Economist)
21: | '''[[President of Iraq|President]]''' || [[Jalal Talabani]]
25: ...p;- Total <br> - % water || [[List of countries by area|Ranked 57th]] <br> 437,072 [[square kilom...
27: ...[Population density|Density]] || [[List of countries by population|Ranked 44th]]<br> 25,374,691<br> 59...
32: ...[[2003]])<br> - GDP/head</td><td>[[List of countries by GDP|Ranked 76th]]<br>$38.790 billion<br>$1,600... - Afghanistan (23568 bytes)
1: ...rt of the country. It is among the poorest countries in the world.
3: ...Loya jirga]], Afghanistan was referred to by the West as the ''Transitional Islamic State of Afghanist...
5: ...an Islami Dawlat'''<br>'''Dawlat-e Eslami-e Afghanestan'''</big>
23: ...]'''<br> - Population:<br> - [[Coordinates]]: || [[Kabul]]<br>1,424,400 <small>([[1988]])</s...
25: | '''[[President of Afghanistan|President]]''' || [[Hamid Karzai]] - Vermont (39851 bytes)
10: LargestCity = [[Burlington, Vermont|Burlington]] |
30: HighestElev = 1,339 |
32: LowestElev = 29 |
36: ...New Hampshire]] to the east, [[New York]] to the west, and the [[Canada|Canadian]] province of [[Quebe...
38: ...[[Montpelier, Vermont|Montpelier]], while the largest city is [[Burlington, Vermont|Burlington]]. - List of inventors (14020 bytes)
11: *[[Archimedes]], (circa 287 BC-212 BC), [[Greece]]
14: ...of Agriculture — instant mashed potato flakes
18: *[[Charles Babbage]], (1791-1871), [[England]] — [[Ana...
22: ...U.S. solar inventor and developer; architectural designer.
28: ...liner]], (1851-1929) [[Germany]] and [[United States|USA]] — [[gramophone]] - Politics (7193 bytes)
2: '''Politics''' is the process and method of making decisions for groups. Altho...
4: ...]''' is the study of political behavior and examines the acquisition and application of power, i.e. th...
9:
11: ...e the rationale for creating [[societies]] (polities).
14: ...which require densely populated settlements - cities. - Timeline of United States pre-history (1700-1759) (3760 bytes)
3: This section of the [[Timeline of United States history]] concerns events from '''[[1700]] to [[1...
6: ...]] - [[Queen Anne's War]] (War of the Spanish Succession) begins
7: ...t Jersey]] and [[west Jersey]] become crown colonies
18: ... Peter Zenger]] trial on freedom of the press issues.
19: *[[1739]] - [[George Whitefield]] tours the colonies ([[1739]]-[[1741]]) to preach the Great Awakening - Colonial America (32872 bytes)
2: ...s|political]], and [[economics|economic]] structures.
4: ...]] government on issues of [[taxation]] and [[representation]].
6: ==Motives for exploration and colonization==
9: ...seafaring]] technologies needed to make long voyages across open water.
11: ...uickly mounted an effort of colonization and conquest. Within a few years, they had divided up lucrati... - Sundial (16148 bytes)
6: A '''sundial''' measures [[time]] by the position of the [[sun]].
7: The most commonly seen designs, such as the 'ordinary' or standard garden su...
8: ...un changes, the time indicated by the shadow changes.
9: However, sundials can be designed for any surface where a fixed object casts a...
11: Most sundial designs indicate [[solar time|apparent solar time]]. - List of popes (77758 bytes)
1: ...i_pontifices_in_hac_basilica_sepulti.jpg|thumb|Popes buried in [[St. Peter's Basilica|St. Peter's]]]]
2: This is a '''list of Popes of the Roman Catholic Church'''.
4: ...ether a source counts [[#Notes on numbering of popes|Stephen II]].
6: ...Church|Universal Church]], [[Patriarch]] of the West, [[primate (religion)|Primate]] of [[Italy]], [[...
9: == List of popes == - Age of Enlightenment (36312 bytes)
4: ...tion in the unity of science movement which includes [[logical positivism]].
6: ...h as [[Voltaire]] and [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]] questioned and attacked the existing institutions of b...
8: ...o [[political economy]], [[government]] and sciences such as [[physics]], [[chemistry]] and [[biology]...
12: ...The Age of Reason]]." For the present purposes, these two eras are [[lumpers/splitters|split]]; howeve...
14: ...ngs of [[Michel de Montaigne]] and [[René Descartes]], was based on extreme skepticism, and inquiry i... - List of sculptors (9151 bytes)
11: *[[Alessandro Algardi]] (1595 - 1654)
18: *[[John Bacon]] (1740 - 1799)
26: *[[Harry Bates (sculptor)|Harry Bates]] (1850 - 1899)
41: *[[Georges Braque]] (1882 - 1963)
42: *[[Filippo Brunelleschi]] - Montgolfier brothers (3356 bytes)
1: [[Image:Jacques_Montgolfier.jpg|thumb|250px|Jacques Étienne Montgolfier]]
3: ...[1740]] – [[June 26]], [[1810]]) and '''Jacques-Étienne Montgolfier''' ([[January 6]], [[1745]]...
5: ...urnt, so they were scarred from the fire for the rest of their life.
9: ...light covered 2 km, lasted 10 minutes, and had an estimated altitude of 1600 - 2000 m.
11: ...ore or less safely. It flew for all of eight minutes. - List of philosophers (79981 bytes)
16: *[[Alessandro Achillini]], (1463-1512)
26: *[[Aedesius]], (d. 355)
27: *[[Aenesidemus]], (1st century BC){{fn|R}}
44: *[[Alcibiades]], (c. 450-404 BC)
51: *[[Alexander of Hales]], (d. 1245){{fn|C}}{{fn|R}} - Celsius (3635 bytes)
8: |Celsius ||Fahrenheit ||°F = °C × 1.8 + 32
18: ...ns (1743), and the botanist [[Carolus Linnaeus]] (1740); also independently invented the same measuremen...
20: ...is definition ensures that one degree Celsius represents the same temperature difference as one [[kelv...
22: ...grees and that the boiling point should be 0 degrees. This was reversed in [[1747]], at the instigatio...
24: ...[Radio Telif�ɩreann|RTɝ]. In the [[United States]] and [[Jamaica]], [[Fahrenheit]] remains the pre...
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