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- Elizabeth I of England (34338 bytes)
7: ...irgin Queen''', '''Gloriana''', or '''Good Queen Bess''', Elizabeth I was the fifth and final monarch ...
9: ...en saved her from political and marital misalliances. Like her father [[Henry VIII of England|Henry VI...
11: ...ies, one [[earl|earldom]] and seven [[baron|baronies]] in the [[Peerage of England]], and one barony i...
13: ...ica]] and afterwards a member of the [[United States]], was named after Elizabeth I, the "Virgin Queen...
16: ... under the [[English Act of Succession|Act of Succession 1544]]. - List of painters (54090 bytes)
12: ..., ([[1840]]-[[1926]]), French [[Impressionism|impressionist]] painter
14: ...1956]]), US [[Abstract expressionism|abstract expressionist]] [[painter]]
17: ..., ([[1841]]-[[1919]]), French [[Impressionism|impressionist]] painter
33: *[[Jacques-Laurent Agasse]] ([[1767]]-[[1848]])
42: *[[Mikolas Ales]] ([[1852]]-[[1913]]) - Galileo Galilei (33761 bytes)
2: ...f thought]], particularly with [[science]], in [[Western society]].
7: ... explored science and made many landmark discoveries.
10: ...on. These are the primary justifications for his description as "father of science."
12: ... determine the law of acceleration of falling bodies, for instance, required accurate measurements of ...
14: ...he experiments and even indicated the particular results that led to the time-squared law (Drake, 1973... - Johannes Kepler (17038 bytes)
2: ...y motion|laws of planetary motion]]. He is sometimes referred to as "the first [[theory|theoretical]] ...
4: Kepler was a [[professor]] of [[mathematics]] at the [[University of Gr...
6: ...er, since he wrote his ''magnum opus'' '''harmonices mundi''' ("The Harmony of the world") in Linz dur...
9: ...s said to have been a weak and sickly child, but despite his ill health, he was precociously brilliant...
15: ...f teacher of mathematics and astronomy at the Protestant school in Graz, Austria. He accepted the pos... - Francis Bacon (16741 bytes)
2: ...scount St Albans''' in [[1621]]; both peerage titles becoming extinct upon his death.
4: ...erimentation, observation, and testing of hypotheses. In the context of his time, such methods were co...
8: He was the youngest of five sons of [[Nicholas Bacon|Sir Nicholas Ba...
12: At Cambridge he first met the Queen, who was impressed by his precocious intellect, and was accustome...
14: ...ed barren, disputatious, and wrong in its objectives. - Colonial America (32872 bytes)
2: ...s|political]], and [[economics|economic]] structures.
4: ...]] government on issues of [[taxation]] and [[representation]].
6: ==Motives for exploration and colonization==
9: ...seafaring]] technologies needed to make long voyages across open water.
11: ...uickly mounted an effort of colonization and conquest. Within a few years, they had divided up lucrati... - Gerardus Mercator (3294 bytes)
7: ... [[Flanders|Flemish]] [[cartographer]] of German descent, remembered for the [[Mercator projection]] n...
9: ...ercator produced a map of [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]] ([[1537]]), another map of the world ([[153...
12: ...as compass courses could be marked as straight lines.
14: ...87]] after his father's map of 1567 (published in 1595)]]
15: ...e]] in [[1588]], further maps were published in [[1595]] after his death by his son [[Rumold Mercator]].... - List of sculptors (9151 bytes)
11: *[[Alessandro Algardi]] (1595 - 1654)
26: *[[Harry Bates (sculptor)|Harry Bates]] (1850 - 1899)
41: *[[Georges Braque]] (1882 - 1963)
42: *[[Filippo Brunelleschi]]
58: *[[Danese Cattaneo]] - Francis Drake (14963 bytes)
7: ... in his life. Francis was the eldest or second eldest of twelve children.
9: ...his own bark. At age 23 Drake took his first voyages to the [[New World]] under the sails of the Hawki...
11: == First adventures ==
12: ...nst Spanish forces, which claimed many English lives but earned Drake the favour of [[Elizabeth I of E...
13: ...y acknowledge Drake's accomplishment. Such intrigues were typical during Drake's era. - List of astronomers (40322 bytes)
8: *[[Marc Aaronson]] ([[United States|USA]], [[1950]] – [[1987]])
9: *[[George Ogden Abell]] ([[United States|USA]], [[1927]] – [[1983]])
12: *[[Charles Greeley Abbot]] ([[United States|USA]], [[1872]] – [[1973]])
13: *[[Charles Hitchcock Adams]] ([[United States|USA]], [[1868]] – [[1951]])
15: *[[Walter Sydney Adams]] ([[United States|USA]], [[1876]] – [[1956]]) - Sikhism (31029 bytes)
2: ...]] (such as the [[caste system]] and [[purdah]], respectively). Sikhism was influenced by reform movem...
4: ...s no Muslim." [[Guru Gobind Singh]] reinforced these words by saying "Regard the whole human race as ...
6: ...d Ones), who in turn baptised the Guru at his request.
8: ...n in [[Gurmukhi]] script but contains many languages including [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Sanskri...
10: ...st in many ways, many places and known by many names, is eternally One, the Sovereign and omnipotent G... - Aztec (38742 bytes)
3: ...6th century|16th]] centuries. They called themselves '''Mexicas''', which was reflected in the name of...
7: ...orary [[Nahuatl]]-speakers would consider themselves Aztecs. More particularly, the term refers to th...
9: ...tino'', or ''Mediterranean'': a broad term that does not refer to a specific culture.
11: ...they should be known as Mexica. The [[conquistadores]] knew them as "Mexica".
13: [[Image:MexicanSculptureRememberingTheSignForTenochtitlanFoundation.JPG|thumb|right|300px... - Ottoman Empire (15917 bytes)
29: ...m km² (1902); 19.9m km² maximum extent (1595)
31: | '''[[Rise of the Ottoman Empire|Establishment]]'''
43: ... center;" | Part of the [[History of Turkey]] series
45: ... the [[Osmanlı]] dynasty. In diplomatic circles it was often referred to as the ''[[Sublime Porte...
47: ...s were captured by the [[Allies]], Ottoman elites established modern [[Turkey]] during the [[Turkish W... - Babylonia (8254 bytes)
1: {{Template:Ancient Mesopotamia}}
2: ...[[Akkad]]. Its capital was [[Babylon]]. The earliest mention of Babylon can be found in a tablet of t...
5: ...s. It was one of ancient Mesopotamia's major empires.
7: ...ed by [[Assyria]] before its second rise to greatness.
11: ...dean the following year. With help from the [[Medes]], [[Niniveh]] was sacked in 612, and the seat of... - Sumer (14409 bytes)
1: {{Template:Ancient Mesopotamia}}
2: ...ipt may precede any other form of writing, and dates to no later than about [[3500 BCE]]
5: ...dian]] which belongs to the [[Afro-Asiatic languages]].
10: ...ho was intimately tied to the city's religious rites.
12: ...ights, trade routes, and tribute from nomadic tribes. - Knights Hospitaller (26158 bytes)
1: ...ary Order of Malta''' (see below) is the main successor to this tradition.
5: ... pilgrims traveling to visit the birthplace of [[Jesus]]. It was served by [[Benedictine]] Brothers.
7: ...d into providing an armed escort to pilgrims. The escort soon grew into a substantial force.
9: ...k]]s, which in turn were divided into [[commanderies]].
13: === Knights of Rhodes === - Atlas (cartography) (4308 bytes)
3: ...[[geographic]] features and [[political]] boundaries, many often feature [[geopolitical]], [[social]],...
5: ==Atlases throughout history==
7: The earliest atlases were not called by that name at the time of their...
11: ...embled to Order) or more frequently "Lafreri atlases" after one of the leading publishers of the perio...
13: ... It was an immediate critical and commercial success.
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