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  1. Sophie Germain (4906 bytes)
    5: ...en, despite her parents' strong attempts to dissuade her from engaging in a 'men's profession'. Severa...
    7: ...eal her identity to him. Lagrange apparently considered her a talented mathematician and became her me...
    9: ...o him admitting she was female, to which he responded:
    12: ...uite extraordinary talents and superior genius. Indeed nothing could prove to me in so flattering and ...
    17: ... first female to attend sessions at the French Academy of Sciences—excepting the wives of other ...
  2. Sofia Kovalevskaya (3306 bytes)
    1: ...]]) was a [[Russia]]n [[mathematician]] and a student of [[Karl Weierstrass]] in [[Berlin]]. In [[188...
    3: ...ged to convince the Russians to list him as descended of aristocracy, a Hungarian king in particular; ...
    5: ...) via [[Fyodor Fyodorovich Schubert]] (another Academician) and had more education and "appreciation o...
    7: ...fferential equation]]s (the [[Cauchy-Kovalevskaya theorem]]) and essentially completed the study of [[rotat...
    9: ...to get his attention, but he was focused on the older sister Anna and he very probably proposed to her...
  3. Emmy Noether (2715 bytes)
    1: ...ury]], with penetrating insights that she used to develop elegant abstractions which she formalized be...
    8: ...nder [[Paul Gordan]], and rapidly built a world-wide reputation, but the [[University of G?ngen]] refu...
    9: ...aculty would also mean letting her vote in the academic senate. Said Hilbert, "I do not see that the s...
    12: ...ether's theorem are part of the fundamentals of modern physics, which is substantially based on the pr...
    14: ...ings satisfying the ascending chain condition on ideals are now known as [[Noetherian ring]]s.
  4. Pythagoras (10747 bytes)
    2: ...r]], known best for formulating the [[Pythagorean theorem]].
    6: ...ut his life and teachings. Pythagoras and his students believed that everything was related to [[math...
    11: ...center. He opened his school to men and women students alike. They called themselves the Mathematikoi...
    13: ...y infer from this that participants required some degree of wealth and leisure to join the inner circl...
    17: ...e bad." Others were more cryptic: "What is the [[Delphic oracle]]?" "The [[tetraktys]], in which the ...
  5. Geometry (3634 bytes)
    1: ...per cent. The [[Rhind Mathematical Papyrus]] also describes one of the earliest attempts at [[squaring...
    3: ... but can be used in conjunction with mathematical definitions for [[point (geometry)|points]], [[line_...
    5: ...truct new geometries other than the standard Euclidean version.
    7: ...in geometry is that of ''congruence''. In [[Euclidean geometry]], two figures are said to be [[congru...
    9: ...s)|group]] of transformations to work with (Euclidean geometry uses the inhomogeneous orthogonal tran...
  6. Isaac Newton (23339 bytes)
    2: ...fried Leibniz|Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz]] for the development of differential [[calculus]]. While they...
    4: ...a prism was inherent in the white light and not added by the prism as [[Roger Bacon]] had claimed in t...
    6: ...ng of objects when exposed to air; the [[binomial theorem]] in its entirety; and the principles of conserva...
    12: ...ief biography of Newton's early life. For more in-depth information, see [[Isaac Newton's early life a...
    14: ... said that his body at that time can even fit inside a quart mug. His father had died three months bef...
  7. Mathematics (24164 bytes)
    1: ...ty]], [[structure]], [[space]] and [[change]]. It developed, through the use of [[abstraction]] and [[...
    3: ...nowledge. This latter meaning of mathematics includes the mathematics used to do [[calculation]]s and ...
    10: However, mathematics undoubtedly could not have developed out of simple counting and arithmetic with...
    15: ...]] and later [[astronomy]]. Nowadays, mathematics derives much inspiration from the natural sciences a...
    17: ...as happened that pure mathematics, which was considered only of interest to mathematics, has become ap...
  8. Meditation (26064 bytes)
    3: ...me calm and focused. Several major religions include ritual meditation; however, meditation itself nee...
    5: ...se is the receipt of spiritual insights and new understanding.
    10: ...t-clipart-9029.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Clipart provided by [http://classroomclipart.com Classroom Clip A...
    12: ...and some people use repetitive activities such as deep breathing, humming or chanting to help induce a...
    16: Besides the physical factors related to meditation perha...
  9. Albert Einstein (43065 bytes)
    3: ... and [[physical cosmology|cosmology]]. He was awarded the [[1921]] [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Priz...
    5: ...or a scientist. In his later years, his fame exceeded that of any other scientist in [[history of scie...
    7: ... day Einstein receives popular recognition unprecedented for a scientist.
    14: ...y was [[Jew]]ish (and non-observant); Albert attended a [[Catholic school|Catholic elementary school]]...
    16: ...ct. Another, more recent, theory about his mental development is that he had [[Asperger's syndrome]], ...
  10. Archimedes (13735 bytes)
    1: ...etribution.) Some math historians consider Archimedes to be one of history's greatest mathematicians, ...
    4: ...ented the [[irrigation]] device known as [[Archimedes' screw]].
    6: ...inst the invading Romans was the [[claw of Archimedes]].
    8: ...wooden ship with a variety of mirrors, they concluded that the enemy ships would have had to be virtua...
    10: Archimedes was killed in Syracuse by a Roman soldier in 212...
  11. Arithmetic (2254 bytes)
    5: ...ect. Arithmetic is performed according to an [[order of operations]].
    7: ...r fraction]]s), and [[real number]]s (using the [[decimal]] place-value system known as [[algorism]]) ...
    11: ...lects this usage, as do such phrases as ''first order arithmetic'' or ''arithmetical algebraic geometr...
    24: <!-- *[[algorism]] (included above) -->
    25: <!-- *[[order of operations]] (ditto) -->
  12. Mathematician (9627 bytes)
    5: ...]]s, many of them devoted to mathematics and many devoted to subjects to which mathematics is applied ...
    13: ...xiom]]s, and then proceed to prove other ideas ([[theorem]]s) that follow from the assumptions according to...
    21: ... to transcend the context of the human mind; the idea that "2+2=4 is a true statement" is assumed to e...
    23: ...nce a statement achieves the lauded position of a theorem, it remains true forever. There still exists [[ex...
    27: ... mathematicians|amateur mathematician]] who has made important contributions to the field.
  13. Tangram (4661 bytes)
    14: It is said that the [[Pythagorean theorem]] was discovered in the Orient with help of Tangr...
    16: The puzzler [[Sam Loyd]] devised many tangram puzzles.
    29: ...Heuristic Solution to the Tangram Puzzle'', E. S. Deutsch & K. C. Hayes Jr., Machine Intelligence v7, ...
    31: *''A Teacher's Guide to Tangram Mastery'', Allan F. Hirsch, Alleyoop E...
    32: *''A Theorem on Tangram'', F. T. Wang & C. C. Hsiung, American...
  14. Johann Sebastian Bach (31106 bytes)
    5: .... Some of his most famous works include the [[Brandenburg Concertos]], [[The Well-Tempered Clavier]], ...
    7: ...e distant relatives, while his sons [[Wilhelm Friedemann Bach]], [[Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach]] and [[J...
    13: ...te library, at which point the elder brother demanded to know how Sebastian had come to learn them.
    17: ...; Bach was equally at home talking with organ builders and with performers.
    19: ...essive accomplishment in his day, especially considering that he was the first in his family to finish...
  15. Leonhard Euler (10366 bytes)
    3: ...d by [[Gottfried Leibniz|Leibniz]] - [[1694]]) to describe an [[Expression (mathematics)|expression]] ...
    5: ... dominated [[eighteenth century]] mathematics and deduced many consequences of the newly invented [[ca...
    10: ...ematics. Paul Euler, Leonhard's father, had attended [[Jakob Bernoulli]]'s mathematical lectures and ...
    14: ... only three sons and two daughters survived. The descendants of these children, however, were in high...
    16: ...or of the mathematical class at the [[Prussian Academy of Sciences]] in [[Berlin]]. His time in Berli...
  16. Hipparchus (astronomer) (50785 bytes)
    4: ...chus. However, his synthesis of astronomy superseded Hipparchus's work: although Hipparchus wrote at ...
    8: ...eographia'' ("Geography"), and from [[Pliny the Elder]]'s ''[[Pliny's Natural History|Naturalis histor...
    10: ...cient history|ancient]] district [[Bithynia]], (modern-day [[&#304;znik, Turkey|&#304;znik]] in provin...
    14: ...was calculated by [[Jean Baptiste Joseph Delambre|Delambre]], based on clues in his work. Hipparchus ...
    16: ...ts. In the 2nd and 3rd centuries [[coin]]s were made in his honour in Bithynia that bear his name and ...
  17. James A. Garfield (15070 bytes)
    1: <table border="0" align="right" style="margin-left:1em"><tr><t...
    2: <table border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0">
    5: <tr><td>'''Order:'''</td><td>20th President</td></tr>
    8: <tr><td>'''Succeeded by:'''</td><td>[[Chester A. Arthur]]</td></tr>
    11: <tr><td>'''Date of Death:'''</td><td>[[September 19]], [[1881]]</td></t...
  18. Hipparchus (50784 bytes)
    3: ...chus. However, his synthesis of astronomy superseded Hipparchus's work: although Hipparchus wrote at ...
    7: ...eographia'' ("Geography"), and from [[Pliny the Elder]]'s ''[[Pliny's Natural History|Naturalis histor...
    9: ...cient history|ancient]] district [[Bithynia]], (modern-day [[&#304;znik, Turkey|&#304;znik]] in provin...
    13: ...was calculated by [[Jean Baptiste Joseph Delambre|Delambre]], based on clues in his work. Hipparchus ...
    15: ...ts. In the 2nd and 3rd centuries [[coin]]s were made in his honour in Bithynia that bear his name and ...
  19. History of science in early cultures (11033 bytes)
    3: ...on|civilizations]] to develop and more time to be devoted to tasks other than survival, such as the se...
    7: ...esources from which to draw are http://www.worldwideschool.org/library/books/sci/history/AHistoryofSci...
    9: ...l] but an abstract formulation of the Pythagorean theorem was not.
    11: ...] by priests. Indeed, rather than following the modern trend towards [[rational]] science, moving away...
    16: ...nd in third millennium cities of [[India]]. Their design can be conservatively dated to the [[1st mill...
  20. History of science in the Middle Ages (30877 bytes)
    4: ...igation was renewed. Science developed in this golden period of [[Scholasticism|Scholastic philosophy]...
    6: ...ong many others. These advances, however, were suddenly interrupted by the [[Black Plague]] and are vi...
    14: ...not completely assimiliated by the Roman culture. Debilitated by migrations, barbarian invasions and t...
    16: ... culture]] as the [[Dark Ages]]. Nowadays, most modern historians dismiss the use of the term by point...
    18: ... Institutionally, these new schools were either under the responsibility of a [[monastery]], a [[cathe...

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