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- Pope Paschal II (3427 bytes)
1: ... [[Viterbo]], and a monk of the [[Cluny|Cluniac order]]. He was created cardinal priest of San Clement...
3: ...uld renounce lay investiture. Preparations were made for the coronation on the 12th of February 1111, ...
5: ...eatening Henry I with [[excommunication]]. On the death of the [[countess Matilda]], who had bequeathe...
8: Predecessor=[[Pope Urban II|Urban II]]| - Crusade (28507 bytes)
1: {{Crusade}}
2: ...hars]] of southern France and the [[Northern Crusades]].
4: ...age of the term "crusade"|Usage of the term "crusade"]].
7: ...h the relative stabilization of local European borders after the Christianization of the [[Vikings]], ...
9: ... the Islamic [[Moors]]. In [[1063]], [[Pope Alexander II]] had given papal blessing to Spanish [[Chris... - List of popes (77758 bytes)
4: ...s]], and there have been either 265 or 266 popes, depending on whether a source counts [[#Notes on num...
6: ...] of the Roman Province'' and ''[[Servus Servorum Dei|Servant of the Servants of God]].''
12: {| border=1 style="border-collapse: collapse"
29: | <small>Executed by crucifixion upside-down; feast day ([[SS Peter & Paul]]) [[29 June]]...
36: | <small>Traditionally martyred (no evidence); Feast day [[23 September]]</small> - Pope Miltiades (1686 bytes)
2: ...Miltiades. He was elected after a period of ''[[sede vacante]]'' following the joint banishment of [[P...
4: ...f the charges brought against him, and Donatus condemned as a [[heresy|heretic]]. See [[Donatism]].
7: ...18a.htm ''Catholic Encyclopedia'':] Pope St Miltiades
10: Predecessor=[[Pope Eusebius|Saint Eusebius]]| - Pope Hilarius (5932 bytes)
1: ...]]). He was canonized as Saint Hilarius after his death.
3: The [[Sardinia]]n [[archdeacon]] of Rome, Hilarius was elected bishop of [[R...
5: ...ts of the Roman See and vigorously opposed the condemnation of
6: ...he had great difficulty in making his escape in order to bring to the pontiff the news of the result o...
8: ... his jurisdiction, the Gallican bishops could decide, after an investigation. Church property could no... - Pope Symmachus (2649 bytes)
1: ...2]], [[498]]. The [[archpriest]] of [[Saint Praxedes]], [[Laurence]], was elected pope by a dissentin...
3: ...nd held consultations for that purpose, should be deposed.
5: ...ad jurisdiction over him. Eventually, Theodoric, deciding that the adherents of Laurence were too pro...
7: ... of the [[Arianism|Arian]] [[Vandals]]. He also aided the inhabitants of upper Italy who suffered from...
13: Predecessor=[[Pope Anastasius II|Anastasius II]]| - Pope Severinus (809 bytes)
1: ...larius'' and Isaac the [[exarch]] plundered the [[Lateran]]. He was at last installed on [[May 28]], [[640]...
4: Predecessor=[[Pope Honorius I|Honorius I]]| - Pope Martin I (2192 bytes)
1: ...s very energetic in publishing the decrees of his Lateran synod in an [[encyclical]], and Constans replied ...
3: ...e of time, but at last Martin was arrested in the Lateran on [[June 15]], [[653]], hurried out of Rome, and...
8: Predecessor=[[Pope Theodore I|Theodore I]]| - Pope Paschal I (1290 bytes)
3: ... the acclamation of the clergy, shortly after the death of [[Pope Stephen V]], and before the sanction...
5: ... beheaded; Paschal had shielded the murderers but denied all personal complicity in their crime. The R...
7: ... church of [[Basilica di Santa Prassede|St. Prassede]].
10: Predecessor=[[Pope Stephen V|Stephen V]]| - Pope Sergius III (3716 bytes)
1: ... chroniclers dubbed the reversal of the natural order as they saw it, with ''women'' in power: [[Theod...
3: ...e of Spoleto]], and all the official records were destroyed; consequently most of the surviving docume...
7: ...once more, tried and found guilty again, and beheaded. He even went so far as to place a laudatory rem...
9: Sergius restored the [[Lateran|Lateran Palace]], which had been shattered by an earthqua...
20: Predecessor=[[Pope Christopher|Christopher]]| - Pope Benedict VII (878 bytes)
5: ...d connected to the [[Crescenti family]]. He succeeded to the papacy as a compromise candidate, to repl...
9: In March [[981]], he presided over a [[synod]] in St Peter's that prohibited [...
11: In September 981, he convened a [[Lateran]] Synod.
14: Predecessor=[[Pope Benedict VI|Benedict VI]]| - Pope John XV (3578 bytes)
5: ...ated his own kinsman Bruno to the papal dignity under the name of [[Pope Gregory V|Gregory V]]. To his...
7: ...erbert, he set out for the imperial court at [[Magdeburg]], and became the [[preceptor]] to emperor [[...
9: ... in history that a solemn canonization had been made by a pope.
11: In 996 Emperor Otto undertook a journey to Italy to obtain imperial corona...
14: Predecessor=[[Pope John XIV|John XIV]]| - Pope Silvester II (8276 bytes)
1: ...ch popes|list]]), reigning from [[999]] until his death in [[1003]].
7: ...XIII]] and the emperor [[Otto I]]. The pope persuaded Otto to employ Gerbert as tutor for his young so...
11: After the death of Otto II in [[984]], Gerbert became involved...
13: ... but a further synod in [[995]] declared Arnulf's deposition invalid.
17: ...d died a little later. He is buried in [[St. John Lateran]]. - Crossbow (7510 bytes)
2: ... European medieval warfare and is still used in modern times for various purposes.
4: ==Description==
5: ...lts are typically called [[quarrel]]s, and do not depend upon lift as [[arrow]]s do. The stock and tri...
7: ...w. This consistent performance was part of what made the crossbow historically a significant force in ...
10: ...ich is held in place by a nut when the bolt is loaded and the cross bow is engaged (referred to as at ... - Fra Angelico (13116 bytes)
1: ...e town where he first took the vows. His life was described in [[Giorgio Vasari]]'s ''Vite''.
7: ...hich we find in use within thirty years after his death, but was not properly [[beatification|beatifie...
9: ...n became famous. He had the patronage of [[Cosimo de' Medici]]. According to Vasari, the first paintin...
13: ...the Virgin'' in the convent of Fiesole, and the ''Deposition of Christ'' executed for the Church of th...
15: ...s city; as a fresco-painter, he may have worked under, or as a follower of, [[Gherardo Starnina]]. Fro... - Vatican City (21873 bytes)
1: ...he world in terms of area and population. Its borders are coextensive with the [[Holy See]], the eccl...
3: ...Vatican City]] (sometimes referred to as the President of Vatican City). Currently, they are [[Pope B...
7: ...ackground: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
8: ...itatis Vaticanæ<br>Stato della Città del Vaticano'''</big></big>
10: {| border=0 cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0 style="background:... - Rome (33048 bytes)
2: ...ackground: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
6: {| border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0"
12: |align="center" width="140px"|City [[Seal (device)|seal]]
15: |align="center" colspan=2 style="border-bottom:3px solid gray;"|<small>City [[motto]]: '...
17: |Founded|| [[21 April]][[753 BC]] mythical,<br> [[1st mil... - History of Italy as a monarchy and in the World Wars (9742 bytes)
6: ... hitherto king of [[Sardinia]], a realm that included [[Piedmont]].
10: [[Rome]] itself remained for a decade under the Papacy, and became part of the Kingdom of It...
12: ...red himself a prisoner in the Vatican until the [[Lateran Pacts]] of 1929.
14: ...ican City]]) is now an independent enclave surrounded by Italy.
18: ...d [[Statuto Albertino]], which Carlo Alberto conceded in 1848 remained unchanged, even if the kings us... - History of Italy as a republic (5469 bytes)
10: ... the Italian republic was, however, the object of deep discussion, mainly because of some contested re...
15: * [[Democrazia Cristiana|Christian Democrats]] (DC)
19: ...CI received some ministerial posts in a Christian Democrat–led coalition cabinet.
21: ... decided to unite in [[1948]] to form the Popular Democratic Front (FDP). The FDP won the municipal el...
23: ...shing forged letters in order to discredit the leaders of the PCI.
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