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- Christopher Columbus (44177 bytes)
1: ...ached the [[Americas]] on October 12th [[1492]] under the flag of [[Castile|Castilian]] [[Spain]]. He ...
2: ...Christopher_columbus_2.jpg|thumb|200px|Image provided by [http://classroomclipart.com Classroom Clip A...
3: ... time accepted that the earth was round. The main debate was over whether it would be possible to get ...
5: ...first voyage from all of these: less than two decades later, the existence of America was known to the...
7: Columbus landed in the [[Bahamas]] and later explored much of th... - Adela of Normandy (2741 bytes)
5: '''Adela of Blois''' (c. [[1067]] - [[March 8]], [[1137]...
7: ... [[1060]] and [[1064]]; however, there is some evidence she was born after her father's accession to t...
9: ...Stephen reluctantly left to join the [[First Crusade]], along with his brother-in-law [[Robert Curthos...
11: Adela and Stephen's children were:
20: ...r husband's estates in his absences and after his death. - Joan of Arc (27453 bytes)
1: ... between [[1450]] and [[1500]] (Centre Historique des Archives Nationales, [[Paris]], AE II 2490).]]
2: ...[[20th century]]; currently being a focus of considerable interest in the [[Republic of Ireland]], [[C...
7: ...e River|Meuse]] to [[Jacques D'Arc]] and Isabelle de Vouthon, a [[peasant]] family later granted [[nob...
11: ...mb|''Jeanne d' Arc'' by Eugene Thirion ([[1876]]) depicts Joan's awe upon receiving a vision from the ...
12: ...lies to the city of [[Orl顮s]], which had been under siege by the English since the previous October.... - List of painters (54090 bytes)
12: *[[Claude Monet]], ([[1840]]-[[1926]]), French [[Impression...
36: *[[Tadeusz Ajdukiewicz]] ([[1852]]-[[1916]])
49: *[[Lawrence Alma-Tadema]] ([[1836]]-[[1912]])
117: *[[Romare Bearden]] ([[1914]]-[[1988]])
137: *[[Alexander Benois]] ([[1870]]-[[1960]]) - Medieval music (31843 bytes)
2: ...s4.jpg|thumb|200px|Medieval Musicians. Image provided by [http://classroomclipart.com Classroom Clipar...
9: ...implicity of chant, with unison voice and natural declamation, is most common.
11: ...multiple texts and instrumental accompaniment has developed by the end of the era.
14: ...musical notation|notation]] was a relatively late development, reconstruction of this music, especiall...
17: ...ic of the 13th century uses the rhythmic modes as defined by Garlandia. - Medieval literature (14207 bytes)
2: ... touching all points in-between. Because of the wide range of time and place it is difficult to speak ...
5: ...tern Roman Empire]] and the [[Orthodox Church]] made [[Greek language|Greek]] and [[Old Church Slavoni...
7: ...ve survived in the [[Breton lai|lais]] of [[Marie de France]], the ''[[Mabinogion]]'' and the [[King A...
10: ...sical]] writers and the [[Church Fathers]] and tended to re-tell and embellish stories they had heard ...
20: ...so frequently written, as an encouragement to the devout and a warning to others. - List of Renaissance figures (6600 bytes)
3: ==Political leaders==
12: **[[Cosimo de' Medici]]
13: **[[Lorenzo de' Medici]] (a.k.a. ''Lorenzo il Magnifico'')
22: **[[Catherine de Medici]] Queen of France
23: ...f Poland]] (duchess of [[Finland]], queen of [[Sweden]]) - Josquin Des Prez (6810 bytes)
1: ...image:DESPREZ.JPG|Josquin Des Prez]]<br>''Josquin Des Prez''</div>
2: ...i da Palestrina|Palestrina]], and is usually considered to be the central figure of the [[Dutch School...
6: ...nce]]), Josquin was a member of the papal choir under [[Pope Innocent VIII]]. In the later [[1490s]] ...
8: ...of the [[Miserere]], Psalm 50, for five voices, widely acknowledged to be one of his masterpieces.
10: ...d by researchers. He remained at Cond頵ntil his death in 1521. - List of popes (77758 bytes)
4: ...s]], and there have been either 265 or 266 popes, depending on whether a source counts [[#Notes on num...
6: ...] of the Roman Province'' and ''[[Servus Servorum Dei|Servant of the Servants of God]].''
12: {| border=1 style="border-collapse: collapse"
29: | <small>Executed by crucifixion upside-down; feast day ([[SS Peter & Paul]]) [[29 June]]...
36: | <small>Traditionally martyred (no evidence); Feast day [[23 September]]</small> - Michel de Montaigne (5245 bytes)
1: ...chel-eyquem-de-montaigne 1.jpg|thumb|right|Michel de Montaigne]]
2: ...essay]]. In his main work, the ''Essays'', unprecedented in its candidness and personal flavor, he tak...
6: ...the mayor of [[Bordeaux]]. His mother, Antoniette de Lopez, came from a Spanish Jewish family, but was...
8: ...;tienne de la Boétie]] whose death in 1563 deeply influenced Montaigne.
10: ...er died and Montaigne inherited the Château de Montaigne, to which he moved back in 1570. - Causes of the French Revolution (11170 bytes)
2: ...nment]]. As the revolution proceeded and as power devolved from the monarchy to legislative bodies, th...
7: ...French. Many in France attacked the [[democracy|undemocratic]] nature of the government, pushed for [[...
9: ...e French terrorism was just a [[plebeian]] way of dealing with the enemies of the bourgeoisie: absolut...
12: ===Debt===
13: ...es; however, because noble titles exempted the holder from future taxes, the purchasers of titles were... - List of people associated with the French Revolution (16148 bytes)
2: ...opponents of the revolution. It attempts to give identifying facts and ultimate fates. ''As a rule, th...
6: *[[Pierre François Charles Augereau, duc de Castiglione|Charles Pierre François Augereau]] -...
10: ...e]] who administered the [[Tennis Court Oath]], made mayor of [[Paris]] after the [[storming of the Ba...
11: ...dor|Thermidorian]], finally the main executive leader during the [[French Directory|Directory]] regime
14: ... Jules Bernadotte]] - General, later king of [[Sweden]] - Hundred Years' War (30012 bytes)
3: ...ch unit" that was both battlefield and prize (Braudel 1984 p. 353).
5: ...the roles of nobles and peasants, and overall key developments in the early growth of nations and new ...
8: ...t]] of [[1066]], defeating the [[Anglo-Saxon]] leadership and installing a new [[Anglo-Norman]] power ...
10: ... desire to re-take a former kingdom, and personal desires on the part of the nobility to gain wealth a...
13: ...Philip IV]] died, leaving three male heirs. The eldest son, [[Louis X of France|Louis X]], died in [[1... - Mathematician (9627 bytes)
5: ...]]s, many of them devoted to mathematics and many devoted to subjects to which mathematics is applied ...
13: ...lled [[axiom]]s, and then proceed to prove other ideas ([[theorem]]s) that follow from the assumptions...
21: ... to transcend the context of the human mind; the idea that "2+2=4 is a true statement" is assumed to e...
23: ...s are "static" - once a statement achieves the lauded position of a theorem, it remains true forever. ...
27: ... mathematicians|amateur mathematician]] who has made important contributions to the field. - List of mathematicians (37424 bytes)
1: ...|English]] [[alphabet]]ical [[transliteration]] order (by [[surname]]).
29: *[[Alexander Anderson (mathematician)|Alexander Anderson]] (Scotland, [[1582]] - [[1620]])
30: *[[Adolf Anderssen]] (Germany, [[1818]] - [[1879]])
36: *[[Archimedes]] (Syracuse, [[287 BC|287 B.C.]] - [[212 BC|212 ...
52: *[[Claude Gaspard Bachet de M麩riac]] (France, [[1581]] - [[1638]]) - List of astronomers (40322 bytes)
1: ...s [[astronomer]]s and [[astrophysicist]]s''' include:
9: *[[George Ogden Abell]] ([[United States|USA]], [[1927]] –...
19: *[[George Biddell Airy]], ([[England]], [[1801]] – [[1892]]...
26: *[[Harold Alden]] ([[United States|USA]], [[1890]] – [[196...
27: *[[Hannes Alfv鮝] ([[Sweden]], [[1908]] – [[1995]]) - List of philosophers (79981 bytes)
23: *[[Adelard of Bath]], (12th century){{fn|C}}
26: *[[Aedesius]], (d. 355)
27: *[[Aenesidemus]], (1st century BC){{fn|R}}
37: *[[Alain de Lille]], (c. 1128-1202)
44: *[[Alcibiades]], (c. 450-404 BC) - Knights Hospitaller (26158 bytes)
1: ...alta by [[Napoleon]]. The '''Sovereign Military Order of Malta''' (see below) is the main successor to...
5: ...de horses on the condition that they ride with wooden saddles and unornamented girths. Ironically, El ...
7: ... who made it to Jerusalem but the order soon extended into providing an armed escort to pilgrims. The ...
9: ...iwick]]s, which in turn were divided into [[commanderies]].
13: === Knights of Rhodes === - Voltaire (48640 bytes)
4: ...Enlightenment|Enlightenment]] [[writer]], [[deism|deist]] and [[philosophy|philosopher]].
8: ...d in Paris, the grandfather being a prosperous tradesman. Nonetheless, throughout his life, Voltaire ...
10: ...unger brother was very fond, married early; the elder brother, Armand, was a strong [[Jansenism|Jansen...
12: ... [[knowledge]], and probably kindled his lifelong devotion to the stage.
14: ...ther stopped the affair by procuring a ''[[lettre de cachet]]'', though he never used it. - Opera (25153 bytes)
7: ... the visual spectacle on the stage, which is considered an important part of the performance. Finally,...
9: ...arely reaching vocal maturity until the third decade, and sometimes not until middle age. Male singer...
11: Traditional opera consists of two modes of singing: [[recitative]], the dialogue and plo...
13: ...s such film scores can in some sense even be considered both the heirs and the competitors of [[grand ...
20: ...ical [[Greek tragedy|Greek drama]], part of the wider revival of antiquity characteristic of the [[Ren...
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