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- History of science (41710 bytes)
2: Modern [[science]] is a body of verifiable [[empirical...
4: ... change is considered to be so fundamental that older inquiries are known as ''pre-scientific''. Still...
6: ...] concerns the [[Creativity|creative]] process of designing useful objects and systems, which differs ...
11: ...mphasize the view that scientific data is self-evident, value-free, and context-free.
13: ...e, and that there can be [[demarcation problem|no demarcation]] between science and any other form of ... - Mathematics (24164 bytes)
1: ...ty]], [[structure]], [[space]] and [[change]]. It developed, through the use of [[abstraction]] and [[...
3: ...nowledge. This latter meaning of mathematics includes the mathematics used to do [[calculation]]s and ...
10: However, mathematics undoubtedly could not have developed out of simple counting and arithmetic with...
15: ...]] and later [[astronomy]]. Nowadays, mathematics derives much inspiration from the natural sciences a...
17: ...as happened that pure mathematics, which was considered only of interest to mathematics, has become ap... - Leonardo da Vinci (25889 bytes)
2: ... for designing many inventions that anticipated modern technology but were rarely constructed in his l...
7: .... It has also been suggested, albeit on scanty evidence, that she was a [[Middle East|Middle Eastern]]...
9: As he was born before modern naming conventions developed in [[Europe]], his full name was "Leonardo...
11: ...s father soon showed them to the painter [[Andrea del Verrocchio]], who subsequently took on the fourt...
12: ...ntellect that whatever he turned his mind to he made himself master of with ease" ([[Giorgio Vasari|Va... - Age of Enlightenment (36312 bytes)
4: ...ation in the unity of science movement which includes [[logical positivism]].
6: ...of its proponents attempted to use rationalism to demonstrate the existence of a supreme being. In thi...
8: ...rise of [[empiricism | empirical]] philosophical ideas, and their application to [[political economy]]...
10: ... and the [[Renaissance]] and [[Reformation]] preceded it (if it is thought of as a long period). Furth...
14: ...the universe where God and Nature were one. This idea became central to the Enlightenment from Newton ... - Computer (32773 bytes)
3: ...mputer program|programming]]) a computer can be made to represent some aspect of a problem or part of ...
4: The discipline which studies the theory, design, and application of computers is called '''[...
8: ...s, photons, quantum particles or any other well-understood physical phenomenon. Although computers ha...
10: .... For example, electron flows might be used to model the flow of water in a dam. Such ''[[analog sig...
12: ... that information are reduced to simple [[Boolean algebra]]. - Charles Babbage (13539 bytes)
2: ...roto-) [[computer scientist]] who originated the idea of a ''programmable'' [[computer]]. Parts of hi...
5: ...t [[Teignmouth]], and Charles' father became a warden of the nearby St. Michael?s Church.
8: ...n near Cambridge, Charles said, "I fear I did not derive from it all the advantages that I might have ...
12: ...uate with honors. He instead received an honorary degree without examination in 1814.
16: ...ve of the marriage. The couple lived happily at 5 Devonshire Street, Portland Place, London. They had ... - James Cook (14770 bytes)
3: ...]] [[explorers|explorer]] and [[navigator]]. He made three voyages to the [[Pacific Ocean]], in which ...
8: ... Cook rose in the ranks of the merchant fleet but declined the command of his own collier in 1755 on t...
20: ...lly [[Alexander Dalrymple]], insisted must exist, despite Cook's personal doubts. With the help of a ...
22: ...t landing, at Kurnell on [[Botany Bay]], was intended to be the site of the first [[British colony]] i...
24: Botany Bay was indeed the site of one of the earliest European contac... - Rene Descartes (17976 bytes)
1: ...sian coordinate system used in plane geometry and algebra.
2: ...ge-crca.jpg|thumb|400px|Rene Descartes Image provided by [http://classroomclipart.com Classroom Clip A...
4: ...heless, many elements of his philosophy have precedents in late [[Aristotelianism]], the revived [[Sto...
6: ...e invention of the [[calculus]] and [[analysis]]. Descartes's reflections on mind and mechanism began ...
11: On March 31, 1596, Descartes was born in [[La Haye en Touraine]], [[Ind... - Persian Empire (26229 bytes)
1: ... name, Iran. Some Persian scholars protested this decision because changing the name separated the cou...
4: ...n the south of Iran, called ''[[Fars]]'' in the modern [[Persian language]] and ''Pars'' in [[Middle P...
11: ...9 BC. Eventually the Medes came to rule an independent Median Empire, and the Persians were subject to...
13: ...nt region of [[Anshan (Persia)|Anshan]]. Teispes' descendants branched off into two lines, one line ru...
15: ...r, the king promised not to terrorize Babylon nor destroy its institutions and culture. Cyrus was kill... - Ancient Indian science and technology (21581 bytes)
3: ... today to have been made in Europe were in fact made in India centuries ago�.
7: ...a�s contribution to science and technology include:
9: ...cepts of [[0 (number)|zero]], the techniques of [[algebra]] and [[algorithm]], [[square root]] and [[cube r...
18: ...birth place of [[chess]], [[ludo]], snakes and ladders and playing cards.
24: ...f which is �''void''�, and zero emerged as a derivative symbol to represent this philosophical co... - History of science in the Middle Ages (30877 bytes)
4: ...igation was renewed. Science developed in this golden period of [[Scholasticism|Scholastic philosophy]...
6: ...ong many others. These advances, however, were suddenly interrupted by the [[Black Plague]] and are vi...
14: ...not completely assimiliated by the Roman culture. Debilitated by migrations, barbarian invasions and t...
16: ... culture]] as the [[Dark Ages]]. Nowadays, most modern historians dismiss the use of the term by point...
18: ... Institutionally, these new schools were either under the responsibility of a [[monastery]], a [[cathe... - Timeline of Middle Eastern History (12425 bytes)
3: ...] of the [[history of the Middle East]]. For more detailed information, see [[#related articles|articl...
5: {{listdev}}
17: ...hic]] settlement in southern [[Anatolia]], is founded.
29: ...2,500 km³) of [[sea water|salt water]] is added, significantly expanding it and transforming it ...
32: ...5100 BC]] – [[Temple#Religion|Temple]]s founded in South [[Mesopotamia]] - Golden Ratio (15928 bytes)
1: ...l ratio. For the [[Aristotelian]] concept of "golden mean" see [[Nicomachean Ethics]].''
3: ...he '''golden mean''', '''golden section''', '''golden number''' or '''divine proportion'''.
5: ...asus of Metapontum]]. [[Euclid]] spoke of the "golden mean" this way, "A straight line is said to hav...
7: The golden ratio is typically symbolized by the [[Greek alp...
13: ...ong believed to have used the golden ratio in his designs. - Integer (6458 bytes)
1: ...r)|zero]]. The [[set]] of all integers is usually denoted in [[mathematics]] by '''Z''' (or Z in [[bla...
3: == Algebraic properties ==
5: ...nce the quotient of two integers (''e.g.'', 1 divided by 2), need not be an integer.
17: | existence of an [[identity element]]: || ''a'' + 0  ...
24: ...−1) + ... + (−1). In fact, '''Z''' under addition is the ''only'' infinite cyclic group, ... - Number (4151 bytes)
5: ...quantity" except for the [[total order]], one can define numbers as elements of any [[integral domain]...
8: ....} or {1, 2, 3, ...}, used for [[counting]], and denoted by '''N'''.
10: ...tive number|negative]] [[whole number]]s are included, one obtains the [[integer]]s '''Z'''.
11: ...numbers" are sometimes denoted by '''W''', but it depends on the author if this means [[positive]], no...
13: ...nal number]]s. The set of all rational numbers is denoted by '''Q'''.
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