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- Elizabeth I of England (34338 bytes)
7: ...al monarch of the [[Tudor dynasty]], having succeeded her half-sister, [[Mary I of England|Mary I]]. S...
9: ...]. Elizabeth was a short-tempered and sometimes indecisive ruler. This last quality, viewed with impat...
11: The reign was marked by prudence in the granting of [[British honours system|ho...
16: ...on after [[Edward VI of England|Prince Edward]] under the [[English Act of Succession|Act of Successio...
18: ...daughter's spiritual welfare to Parker before her death. Later, Parker would become the first Archbish... - List of painters (54090 bytes)
12: *[[Claude Monet]], ([[1840]]-[[1926]]), French [[Impression...
36: *[[Tadeusz Ajdukiewicz]] ([[1852]]-[[1916]])
44: *[[Alessandro Algardi]] ([[1595]]-[[1654]])
49: *[[Lawrence Alma-Tadema]] ([[1836]]-[[1912]])
117: *[[Romare Bearden]] ([[1914]]-[[1988]]) - Galileo Galilei (33761 bytes)
2: ... [[Johannes Kepler]]. The work of Galileo is considered to be a significant break from that of [[Arist...
7: ...610]]. During this time he explored science and made many landmark discoveries.
10: ...ion. These are the primary justifications for his description as "father of science."
12: ...00s]]. According to Koyr鬠the law was arrived at deductively, and the experiments were merely illustr...
14: ... rolling balls) were replicated using the methods described by Galileo (Settle, 1961), and the precisi... - Johannes Kepler (17038 bytes)
2: '''Johannes Kepler''' ([[December 27]], [[1571]] – [[November 15]], [[1...
4: ...nt to [[Tycho Brahe]]. Kepler's career also coincided with that of [[Galileo Galilei]].
9: ...is said to have been a weak and sickly child, but despite his ill health, he was precociously brillian...
11: ...acizing probably led him to turn to the world of ideas, as well as an abiding religious conviction, fo...
13: ...duced to astronomy/astrology at an early age, and developed a love for that discipline that would span... - Francis Bacon (16741 bytes)
2: ...]]; both peerage titles becoming extinct upon his death.
4: ... best known as an philosophical advocate and defender of the [[scientific revolution]]. His works esta...
8: ...Nicholas Bacon]], Lord Keeper of the Great Seal under [[Elizabeth I of England|Elizabeth I]]. His moth...
10: ...ge of 13, living for three years there with his older brother [[Anthony Bacon]].
16: ...ce]] under [[Henry III of France|Henry III]] afforded him valuable political instruction. - Colonial America (32872 bytes)
4: To summarize the areas of development in colonial America, historians typicall...
9: ... the development of [[seafaring]] technologies needed to make long voyages across open water.
11: ...on and conquest. Within a few years, they had divided up lucrative [[South America|South]] and [[Centr...
16: ...mercial enterprise]], [[over-population]] and the desire for [[religious freedom]] played their respec...
22: ...ir [[Walter Raleigh]]. The second resupply ship, delayed for several years by circumstances in Englan... - Gerardus Mercator (3294 bytes)
3: <table align="right" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
7: ...a [[Flanders|Flemish]] [[cartographer]] of German descent, remembered for the [[Mercator projection]] ...
9: ...ther map of the world ([[1538]]) and a map of Flanders ([[1540]]). During this period he learned [[Ita...
12: ...d it in [[1569]]; it had parallel lines of longitude to aid navigation by sea, as compass courses coul...
14: ...87]] after his father's map of 1567 (published in 1595)]] - List of sculptors (9151 bytes)
11: *[[Alessandro Algardi]] (1595 - 1654)
37: *[[Antoine Bourdelle]] (1861 - 1929)
48: *[[Alexander Calder]] (1898 - 1976)
49: *[[Alexander Milne Calder]] (1845 - 1923)
50: *[[Alexander Stirling Calder]] (1870 - 1945) - Francis Drake (14963 bytes)
2: ... was second in command of the English fleet which defeated the [[Spanish Armada]] in [[1588]].
7: ...e in his life. Francis was the eldest or second eldest of twelve children.
9: ... Drake made the first English [[Atlantic slave trade|slave-trading]] expeditions.
12: ... against the [[Spanish Empire]]; the Spanish considered him an outlaw [[pirate]], but to England he wa...
13: ... Train to the nearby port of Nombre de Dios. He made off with a fortune in gold, but had to leave behi... - List of astronomers (40322 bytes)
1: ...s [[astronomer]]s and [[astrophysicist]]s''' include:
9: *[[George Ogden Abell]] ([[United States|USA]], [[1927]] –...
19: *[[George Biddell Airy]], ([[England]], [[1801]] – [[1892]]...
26: *[[Harold Alden]] ([[United States|USA]], [[1890]] – [[196...
27: *[[Hannes Alfv鮝] ([[Sweden]], [[1908]] – [[1995]]) - Sikhism (31029 bytes)
2: ...i]], [[monism]], [[Vedic]] metaphysics, [[guru]] ideal, and [[bhajan]]s) as well as [[Sufi|Sufi Islam]...
4: The founder of Sikhism, [[Guru Nanak]], was born in [[1469]]...
6: ...ony in AD [[1699]] ; and thus gave a distinctive identity to the Sikhs. The five baptised Sikhs were n...
8: ...es in the world that has been compiled by the founders of a faith during their own life time. The Sikh...
10: Guru Nanak's doctrinal position is clear, despite the appearance that it is a blend of insight... - Aztec (38742 bytes)
3: ... islets in [[Lake Texcoco]] – the site of modern-day [[Mexico City]].
7: ...ith the historical Aztec civilization, not with modern-day Nahuatl speakers.
9: .... Their use of the word ''Azteca'' was like the modern use of ''Latino'', or ''Mediterranean'': a broa...
11: ... that after leaving Aztlan, [[Huitzilopochtli]] ordered his people not to use the word Azteca, instead...
14: ...xica" is increasingly applied. The Museo Nacional de Antropologia e Historia, for example, refers to t... - Ottoman Empire (15917 bytes)
1: ...ackground: #ffffff; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
2: ...; İmparatorluğu'''</big></big><br/>'''Devlet-i Aliye-i Osmaniye'''
29: ...m km² (1902); 19.9m km² maximum extent (1595)
45: ...ey'', though it should not be confused with the modern [[nation-state]] of that name.
47: ...ern [[Turkey]] during the [[Turkish War of Independence]]. - Babylonia (8254 bytes)
2: ...was an ancient [[state]] in [[Mesopotamia]] (in modern [[Iraq]]), combining the territories of [[Sumer...
5: ...He was a highly efficient ruler, famous for the code of laws that he laid down, and he gave the region...
7: ...e]] dynasty. Its cities continued for 100 years under different foreign rulers. Then, for some 500 yea...
11: ...ldean the following year. With help from the [[Medes]], [[Niniveh]] was sacked in 612, and the seat o...
13: ...on|Nebuchadnezzar II]], whose reign of 43 years made Babylon once more the mistress of the civilized w... - Sumer (14409 bytes)
2: ...-[[Cuneiform (script)|cuneiform]] script may precede any other form of writing, and dates to no later ...
5: ...' ethnic group. Sumerian itself is generally regarded as a [[language isolate]] in [[Linguistics]] bec...
10: ...arious [[city-state]]s, each centered on a temple dedicated to the patron [[god]] of the city and rule...
12: ...of almost incessant warfare over water rights, trade routes, and tribute from nomadic tribes.
14: ...stence is authenticated through archaeological evidence, is that of [[Enmebaragesi]] of Kish, whose na... - Knights Hospitaller (26158 bytes)
1: ...alta by [[Napoleon]]. The '''Sovereign Military Order of Malta''' (see below) is the main successor to...
5: ...de horses on the condition that they ride with wooden saddles and unornamented girths. Ironically, El ...
7: ... who made it to Jerusalem but the order soon extended into providing an armed escort to pilgrims. The ...
9: ...iwick]]s, which in turn were divided into [[commanderies]].
13: === Knights of Rhodes === - Atlas (cartography) (4308 bytes)
9: ...ed maps were engraved versions of original maps made by Ptolemy, or whether they were constructed by [...
11: ... called "IATO" atlases - (Italian, Assembled to Order) or more frequently "Lafreri atlases" after one ...
13: ...m Ortelius]] is credited with issuing the first modern atlas on [[May 20]], [[1570]]. His "Theatrum O...
15: ...escription of the Universe) (Duisburg, [[1585]]-[[1595]]).
21: ...ps the tall pillars who hold heaven and earth asunder".
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