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- Nile (13738 bytes)
2: ...[Africa]]|the [[Mediterranean]]||[[Uganda]] - [[Sudan]] - [[Egypt]]}}
8: ...from the word ''Neilos'' (Νειλος), a Greek name for the Nile. A...
12: ...m its halfway mark at the [[Atbara River]] in [[Sudan]] all the way to the [[Mediterranean Sea]].
14: If the remote headstream — the Ruvyironza — is taken as the beginning and followed to the ...
24: [[Lake Victoria]], which lies between [[Uganda]], [[Kenya]] and [[Tanzania]] is considered to be... - Mediterranean Sea (9773 bytes)
6: ...exchange between emergent peoples of the region — [[Egyptian|Egyptians]], [[Ancient Greece|Greek...
11: ...499;ון), "the middle sea", a literal adaptation of the German equivalent ''Mittelmeer''. I...
17: ...[[Sea of Marmara]] and [[Black Sea]], by the [[Dardanelles]] and the [[Bosporus]] respectively, on the...
43: ...tic Sea]] between the Italian peninsula and the [[Dalmatia]]n coast,
65: Sediment samples from below the deep seafloor of the Medit... - Geology (12007 bytes)
1: ...k]] γη- (''ge-'', "the earth") and λογος (''logos'', "wo...
14: ...cookers, transport of [[ore]]s, extraction of [[soda]], [[sulfur]] and [[alum]], and administrative is...
20: ... enough time for mountains to be eroded and for [[sediment]] to form new rocks at the bottom of the sea, whi...
26: ...out the Earth's history and are still occurring today. In contrast, [[Catastrophism|catastrophism]] is...
29: ...ianism, which influenced the thought of [[Charles Darwin]]. - Plate tectonics (27764 bytes)
3: ...[oceanic trench]] formation occur along plate boundaries (most notably around the so-called "[[Pacific...
10: ...of Fire]] being most active and famous. These boundaries are discussed in further detail below.
14: == Types of plate boundaries ==
15: ...es.png|thumb|right|350px|Three types of plate boundary.]]
16: ...rface phenomena. The different types of plate boundaries are: - Fossil (5231 bytes)
3: ...acement in [[Rock (geology)|rock]] formations and sedimentary layers ([[Stratum|strata]]) is known as the [[...
9: ...zed, the remains normally need to be covered by [[sediment]] as soon as possible. However there are exceptio...
15: ...[[cyanobacteria]], the oldest of these formations dates from 3.5 billion years ago. Fossilized deposit...
19: ...eather]]s or even soft tissues. Once covered with sediment, these layers slowly compact to rock, after which...
36: ...on]]s, round or oval-shaped nodules found in some sedimentary strata, were once thought to be [[dinosaur]] e... - Arizona (24367 bytes)
20: LandArea = 294,312 |
28: AdmittanceDate = [[February 14]], [[1912]] |
29: ... [[UTC]]-7<br /><small>(Arizona doesn't observe [[Daylight saving time|DST]] except in the [[Navajo Na...
67: Dance = Unknown |
82: ...iver]], bordering [[New Mexico]], [[Utah]], [[Nevada]], [[California]] and [[Mexico]], and touching [[... - Desert (21206 bytes)
4: ...hat usually remains hidden (especially during the daylight) to preserve moisture. Approximately one-th...
14: ...cations rely on some combination of the number of days of [[rain]]fall, the total amount of annual rai...
40: ...—may occur as infrequently as once every 5–20 years. Other coastal deserts include the [[S...
53: ... in areas where precipitation is locally more abundant. Temperature changes in polar deserts frequentl...
65: ... of the sand is in [[sand sheet]]s and sand seas—vast regions of undulating dunes resembling oce... - Cave (10592 bytes)
3: ...e enough that some portion of it will not receive daylight; however, in popular usage, the term includ...
17: ===Secondary caves===
18: '''Secondary caves''' are formed inside the rock after the r...
32: ...y of all caves on Earth. The reasons for this abundance are the facts that limestone is so common and ...
35: ... [[stalactite]]s and [[stalagmite]]s. These secondary mineral deposits in caves are called [[speleoth... - Landform (3582 bytes)
136: ...rm -- landforms produced by deposition of load or sediment (usually coastal or fluvial). - Earth science (5396 bytes)
4: ...neralogy]], [[petrology]], [[stratigraphy]] and [[sedimentology]].
16: ...''[[Paleoclimatology]]''' use the properties of [[sediment]]s, [[ice core]]s, or biological material to infe...
26: ... observation satellite|satellite]] and ship-board data, is increasingly giving scientists the ability ...
42: **Earthquake Damage
53: **Plate Boundaries - Erosion (6998 bytes)
6: ...eservoirs with [[sediment]], reducing [[Soil degradation|soil fertility]] and [[water quality]].
17: ... of sediment flow each year into the ocean. The [[sediment]] originates primarily from water erosion in the ...
24: ...s. Any perceptible down-slope movement of rock or sediment is often referred to in general terms as a [[land...
33: ...ent becomes nearly flat and lateral deposition of sediments becomes important as the stream [[meander]]s acr...
35: ...aster moving water is available to carry a larger sediment load. - Evolution (27661 bytes)
1: [[Image:Charles Darwin.jpg|right|frame|[[Charles Darwin]], father of the theory of evolution by [[nat...
6: ...[1930s]], work by a number of scientists combined Darwinian natural selection with the re-discovered t...
18: ..., but rather exist in a reciprocal relationship — for example, it is a "fact" that an [[apple]] ...
31: ...even those which do not fly — have wings. Today, the theory of evolution has been strongly confi...
33: ...; the generation of life from non-living matter — has never been observed, indicating that the [... - Continental shelf (2503 bytes)
3: ...her extensive area of continental shelf, the [[Sunda shelf]], which joins [[Borneo]], Sumatra, and [[J...
5: ... were fished out. If [[anoxic]] conditions in the sedimentary deposits prevail, the shelves may in [[geologi... - Pompeii (10901 bytes)
13: In [[62]], a violent [[earthquake]] severely damaged Pompeii and many other towns of Campania. In...
18: ... the sun on a mild afternoon. Coincidentally, the date was that of the [[Vulcanalia]], the festival of...
20: ...e phenomenon occurring over Mt. Vesuvius: a large dark cloud shaped rather like a pine tree emanating ...
22: ...ud" that Pliny the Younger wrote about is known today as a [[pyroclastic flow]], which is a cloud of s...
26: ... the eruption and the daylight hours were left in darkness. His uncle [[Pliny the Elder]] had already ... - Tsunami (29462 bytes)
6: ...namis have been historically referred to as ''[[tidal wave]]s'' because as they approach land they tak...
12: ...nts of the earth's crust can occur at [[plate boundaries]]. [[Subduction]] earthquakes are particularl...
14: ...s, may also disturb the overlying water column as sediment and rocks slide downslope and are redistributed a...
18: ...hich produced a water wave estimated at 50 – 150 m and reached 524 m up local mou...
22: ...n its path, often reducing buildings to their foundations and scouring exposed ground to the bedrock. ... - List of minerals (11610 bytes)
12: #[[Adamite]]
23: #[[Andalusite]]
145: #[[Datolite]]
146: #[[Dawsonite]]
192: #[[Ferricrete]] Iron oxide cemented soil or sediment - Coral reef (11599 bytes)
2: ...e only recently been discovered, often located in dark, cold water and growing very slowly in the abse...
10: * '''Apron reef''' — short reef resembling a fringing reef, but mor...
11: * '''Fringing reef''' — reef extending directly out from a shoreline, ...
12: * '''Barrier reef''' — reef separated from a mainland or island shore...
13: * '''Patch reef''' — an isolated, often circular reef, usually with... - Venice (22017 bytes)
10: ...jor power-broker in the [[Near East]]. By the standards of the time, Venice's stewardship of its mainl...
14: ...] systems, but the social order was entirely [[feudal]]. Church and various private properties were ti...
29: ...e city itself or from its possessions, especially Dalmatia. Those from the city were chosen by lot fro...
33: ...ecruited from the lagoon, plus feudal levies from Dalmatia and Istria. In times of emergency, all male...
92: ...ill intact after centuries of submersion. The foundations rest on the piles, and buildings of [[brick]... - Animal shell (2105 bytes)
7: ...ense against [[parasite|parasitic organisms]] and damaging detritus.
11: ...ery long time. Large amounts of shells may form [[sediment]] and become compressed into [[limestone]]. Shell... - Ice age (15810 bytes)
6: ... have been many glacial periods, occurring at 40–100,000 year frequencies. These are the best st...
18: ...age:Five_Myr_Climate_Change.png|thumb|400px|right|Sediment records showing the fluctuating sequences of glac...
22: ..., and North America in polar regions, the Earth today is considered to be prone to ice age glaciations...
24: ...to be worked out. Analyses of ice cores and ocean sediment cores unambiguously show the record of glacials a...
39: ...e occurrence of glacial and interglacial phases — this was first explained by the theory of [[Mi...
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