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- History of science (41710 bytes)
4: ...nowledge]]. This change is considered to be so fundamental that older inquiries are known as ''pre-sci...
11: ...dge, and to de-emphasize the view that scientific data is self-evident, value-free, and context-free.
40: ... long period that followed is also known as the [[Dark Ages]]. While the [[Byzantine Empire]] still he...
43: ...[Image:Vitruvian.jpg|right|thumb|140px|[[Leonardo da Vinci]]'s [[Vitruvian Man]], an example of the bl...
46: ...vitalization of Europe. This provided a solid foundation for all future scientific work. Contact with ... - Mathematics (24164 bytes)
8: ...t ''abstract'' quantities, like [[time]] -- [[Day|days]], [[Season|seasons]], [[Year|years]]. From co...
15: ...[[land measurement]] and later [[astronomy]]. Nowadays, mathematics derives much inspiration from the ...
25: ...em]] every (strong enough) axiom system has undecidable formulas so a final axiomatization of mathemat...
33: ...r fields: to logic and other simpler systems (foundations) and to the empirical systems of the various...
35: ...ized to [[vector space]]s and studied in [[linear algebra]], belongs to the two branches of structure and s... - Leonardo da Vinci (25889 bytes)
1: [[Image:Leonardo da Vinci.jpeg|thumb|Leonardo da Vinci]]
2: '''Leonardo da Vinci''' ([[April 15]], [[1452]] – [[May 2]], [[1519]]) was an [[Italy|Italian]] ...
7: ...an [[illegitimate child]]. His father, Ser Piero da Vinci was a young [[lawyer]] and his mother, Cate...
9: ...therefore refer to his works as "Leonardos", not "da Vincis". Presumably he did not use his father's n...
12: ... the greatest of all Andrea's pupils was Leonardo da Vinci, in whom, besides a beauty of person never ... - Age of Enlightenment (36312 bytes)
4: ...gan during a historical period they called the "[[Dark Ages]]"). This movement also provided a framewo...
12: The boundaries of the Enlightenment cover much of the 17th c...
14: ...sh axiomatic philosophy and absolutism as the foundations for knowledge and stability. Epistemology, i...
18: ...view may seem overreaching to some in the present-day, where belief is that human beings apprehend a t...
20: ... "laws" which governed its behavior were understandable. The notion of a "clockwork god" or "god the w... - Computer (32773 bytes)
3: ...configured in this way is given appropriate input data, then it can automatically solve the problem or...
10: ...ows might be used to model the flow of water in a dam. Such ''[[analog signal|analog]]'' computers we...
12: ... that information are reduced to simple [[Boolean algebra]].
47: **[[Personal Digital Assistant]] (PDA)
51: ...y found and current definitions quickly become outdated. Many classes of computer that are no longer u... - Charles Babbage (13539 bytes)
2: '''Charles Babbage''' ([[December 26]] [[1791]] – [[October 18]] [[1871]]) was an [[United Kingd...
8: ...n, a thriving comprehensive school still extant today, but his health forced him back to private tutor...
29: ... calculating engine in a letter to Sir [[Humphrey Davy]] in [[1822]].
48: ...of the Engine are at length in a place of safety—I am almost worn out with disgust and annoyance...
55: The mature Analytical Engine used punched cards adapted from the [[Jacquard loom]] to specify input a... - James Cook (14770 bytes)
1: ...ritish explorer James Cook, portrait by Nathaniel Dance, c. 1775, National Maritime Museum, Greenwich]...
3: '''James Cook''' ([[October 27]], [[1728]] – [[February 14]], [[1779]]) was a [[Kingdom of ...
7: ...ren born to Grace and James, Sr., who worked as a day laborer on a farm. As a child, Cook moved with...
8: ...on]], and [[astronomy]], skills he would need one day to command his own ship. Cook rose in the ranks...
14: ...ing and cartographic skills, courage in exploring dangerous locations to confirm the facts (''e.g.'' d... - Rene Descartes (17976 bytes)
1: ...sian coordinate system used in plane geometry and algebra.
6: ...ounded [[analytic geometry]], that bridge between algebra and geometry crucial to the invention of the [[ca...
16: ...ivotal point in young Descartes' life and the foundation on which he develops analytical geometry. He...
22: Although Descartes never married, he fathered a daughter [[Francine Descartes|Francine]], born in [[...
35: ...irst Philosophy]]'' he attempts to arrive at a fundamental set of principles that one can know as true... - Persian Empire (26229 bytes)
11: ...ke Urmia]] alongside another Aryan group, the ''Madai'' ([[Mede]]s). For the '''next two centuries''' ...
13: ...ion of [[Anshan (Persia)|Anshan]]. Teispes' descendants branched off into two lines, one line ruling i...
15: ...f [[Babylon]]. After this victory, he set the standard of the benevolent conqueror by declaring what h...
17: ...ed its greatest extent under [[Darius I of Persia|Darius I]]. He led conquering armies into the [[Indu...
19: ...e importantly, it was well managed and organized. Darius divided his realm into about twenty satrapies... - Ancient Indian science and technology (21581 bytes)
3: ...f the advances in the sciences that we consider today to have been made in Europe were in fact made in...
9: ...cepts of [[0 (number)|zero]], the techniques of [[algebra]] and [[algorithm]], [[square root]] and [[cube r...
10: *Astronomy � [[Rig Veda]] ([[2000 BC]]) refers to astronomy.
14: *Fine Arts � [[Veda]]s were recited and recitation has to be correct,...
16: - History of science in the Middle Ages (30877 bytes)
6: ...otype]] of Middle Ages as supposedly "[[Dark Ages|Dark Ages]]".
16: ...y pointing out that the labelling of this era as "dark" was mostly based on previous ignorance about t...
20: ... of dialectic (a discipline that corresponds to today's [[logic]]) was responsible for the rebirth of ...
41: ...ccam]] led him to postulate the principle known today as [[Occam's Razor]]. According to Occam, philos...
43: ...ep towards the modern concept of [[inertia]]. Buridan anticipated [[Isaac Newton]] when he wrote: - Timeline of Middle Eastern History (12425 bytes)
1: ...ium]] AD. To refer to a concept similar that of today's Middle East but earlier in time, the term [[An...
16: ...00 BC]]?Settlements at [[Nevali Cori]] in present-day [[Turkey]] are established.
18: * Settlements at Sagalassos in present-day southwest Turkey are established.
27: ...d beginning of their calendar <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[Dating Creation|1]]<nowiki>]</nowiki>
28: * Around [[5400 BC]] – [[Irrigation]] in [[Mesopotamia]]. - Golden Ratio (15928 bytes)
3: ...t that numbers were not units as we define them today, but were expressions of ratios. The golden rati...
13: ...''sectio aurea'', "golden section", by [[Leonardo da Vinci]]. The American mathematician [[Mark Barr]]...
40: For those who struggle with algebra but can at least handle the idea of fractions of ...
64: ...nbsp;− ''b'') is in even lower terms — a contradiction.
105: ...y name a precious jewel."<br><div align="right">—''[[Johannes Kepler]]''</div></blockquote> - Integer (6458 bytes)
3: == Algebraic properties ==
24: In the language of [[abstract algebra]], the first five properties listed above for add...
32: ...] in an essentially unique way. This is the [[fundamental theorem of arithmetic]].
40: The ordering of integers is compatible with the algebraic operations in the following way:
46: ...-world" computers are of finite capacity. Integer datatypes are typically implemented using a fixed nu... - Number (4151 bytes)
19: ... [[complex number]]s '''C''', which leads to an [[algebraically closed field]] in which every polynomial wi...
24: ...umber]]s, and those complex numbers which are not algebraic are called [[transcendental number|transcendent...
27: ...us leaving the category of associative [[division algebra]]s.
31: ...f [[function field]]s of finite [[characteristic (algebra)|characteristic]] behave in some ways like number...
43: ...tains the [[group (mathematics)|group]]s, [[ring (algebra)|ring]]s and [[field (mathematics)|field]]s.
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