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- History of science (41710 bytes)
2: ...y of verifiable [[empirical knowledge]], a global community of [[scholar]]s, and a set of [[technique]...
4: ...ncient [[natural philosophy]] clearly within the scope of the history of science.
6: ...t least in the modern conception). [[Technology]] concerns the [[Creativity|creative]] process of desi...
11: ... scientific data is self-evident, value-free, and context-free.
13: A major subject of concern and controversy in the [[philosophy of science]] has bee... - Mathematics (24164 bytes)
1: ...ion]] and [[logic|logical]] [[reasoning]], from [[counting]], [[calculation]], [[measurement]], and th...
7: ...t two apples and two oranges do have something in common, namely that they fill the hands of exactly o...
8: ...days]], [[Season|seasons]], [[Year|years]]. From counting, naturally followed [[arithmetic]] (e.g. [[...
10: ...ndoubtedly could not have developed out of simple counting and arithmetic without [[writing]] and a wa...
12: ...atics arose out of the need to do calculations in commerce, to measure land and to predict astronomica... - Leonardo da Vinci (25889 bytes)
2: ...hat anticipated modern technology but were rarely constructed in his lifetime. In addition, he helped ...
9: As he was born before modern naming conventions developed in [[Europe]], his full name w...
16: ...med statistic? -->, as shown by surviving legal records of the [[Podest? and the Officers of the Night...
18: ... ''l'amore masculino'' (male love) written by the contemporary art critic and theorist [[Gian Paolo Lo...
20: ...nardo's household around 1488 at the age of 10, becoming his servant and assistant. - Age of Enlightenment (36312 bytes)
4: ...[neo-classical]] period in the arts, and receives contemporary application in the unity of science mov...
8: ...ical ideas, and their application to [[political economy]], [[government]] and sciences such as [[phys...
10: According to scholarly opinion, the [[Age of Reason]] ...
12: ...owever, it is equally acceptable to think of them conjoined as one long period.
14: ...been a driving force for instability. Instead, (according to those that split the two periods), the Ag... - Computer (32773 bytes)
1: ...200px|The [[computer case|tower]] of a [[personal computer]] (specifically a [[Power Mac G5]]).]]
3: ...t of a problem or part of a system. If a computer configured in this way is given appropriate input da...
4: ...ign, and application of computers is called '''[[computer science]].'''
8: ...ly all popular types of computers have electronic components.
10: ... ''[[analog signal|analog]]'' computers were once common in the 1960s but are now rarer. - Charles Babbage (13539 bytes)
2: ...age's original plans, a [[Difference Engine]] was completed, and functioned perfectly. It was built to...
8: ...all the advantages that I might have done." The second was an Oxford tutor from whom Charles learned e...
10: .... In response, he, [[John Herschel]], [[George Peacock]], and several other friends formed the [[Analy...
16: ...rles' father did not approve of the marriage. The couple lived happily at 5 Devonshire Street, Portlan...
28: ==Design of computers== - James Cook (14770 bytes)
1: ...okportrait.jpg|thumb|250px|British explorer James Cook, portrait by Nathaniel Dance, c. 1775, National...
3: ...cean]], in which its main shorelines were mapped. Cook was also a [[cartographer|map maker]].
7: ... worked as a day laborer on a farm. As a child, Cook moved with his family to [[Great Ayton]].
8: ...erchant fleet but declined the command of his own collier in 1755 on the eve of the [[Seven Years War]...
10: [[Image:Nfld chartofcook.jpg|thumb|200px|James Cook's 1775 Chart of Newfoundland]] - Rene Descartes (17976 bytes)
1: ...sian coordinate system used in plane geometry and algebra.
2: ...cartes Image provided by [http://classroomclipart.com Classroom Clip Art]]]
4: ...is of corporeal substance into matter and form; second, he rejects any appeal to [[Teleology|ends]]—...
6: ...er, impelled by the invention of the [[electronic computer]] and by the possibility of [[machine intel...
8: His most famous statement is ''[[Cogito ergo sum]]'' (''I think, therefore I am.''). - Persian Empire (26229 bytes)
1: ... from its past. It also caused some Westerners to confuse Iran with Iraq; so in 1959 Pahlavi announced...
4: ...lly asked the international community to call the country by its native name, [[Iran]], which means La...
11: The '''first record''' of the Persians comes from an [[Assyria]]n inscription from c. 844 B...
13: ...ganized Persian [[state]]. The Persians gradually conquered territory from the native kingdom of [[Ela...
15: ...is victory, he set the standard of the benevolent conqueror by declaring what has been called the [[Cy... - Ancient Indian science and technology (21581 bytes)
1: '''Science and technology in ancient India''' covered all the major branches of human knowledge an...
3: ...: �Many of the advances in the sciences that we consider today to have been made in Europe were in f...
7: ...[scholar]]s and [[scientist]]s. Ancient India�s contribution to science and technology include:
9: ...cepts of [[0 (number)|zero]], the techniques of [[algebra]] and [[algorithm]], [[square root]] and [[cube r...
11: *Physics � Concepts of [[atom]] and [[theory of relativity]] we... - History of science in the Middle Ages (30877 bytes)
2: ... advances in the [[Eastern world]] will also be accounted for in the present article.
4: ...rceiving nature as a coherent system of laws that could be explained in the light of reason.
11: ...|left|In the Early Middle Ages, cultural life was concentrated at [[monastery|monasteries]].]]
14: ...rong, negative impact on the cultural life of the continent. The [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholic Chur...
16: ...stly based on previous ignorance about the period combined with popular [[stereotype]]s. - Timeline of Middle Eastern History (12425 bytes)
1: ... millennium|second millennium]] AD. To refer to a concept similar that of today's Middle East but earl...
3: ... articles|articles on the histories of individual countries]]. See [[Ancient Near East]] for ancient h...
16: * Circa [[8000 BC]]?Settlements at [[Nevali Cori]] in present-day [[Turkey]] are established.
17: ...[[ǡtalh?]], a very large [[Neolithic]] and [[Chalcolithic]] settlement in southern [[Anatolia]], is f...
24: * Domestication of the [[cow]] in the Middle East - Golden Ratio (15928 bytes)
1: ...[[Aristotelian]] concept of "golden mean" see [[Nicomachean Ethics]].''
3: ...Shapes defined by the golden ratio have long been considered [[aesthetics|aesthetically]] pleasing in ...
5: ...een understood and used by the Egyptians. The discovery of irrational numbers, numbers that cannot be...
7: ...ith '''τ''' ([[Tau (letter)|tau]]) being less common.
13: ...]. The American mathematician [[Mark Barr]] first conceived of the use of the symbol φ to represen... - Integer (6458 bytes)
1: .... Like the natural numbers, the integers form a [[countably infinite]] set.
3: == Algebraic properties ==
15: | [[commutativity]]: || ''a'' + ''b'' &nb...
21: | [[distributivity]]: || colspan=2 align=center| ''a'' × (''b...
24: In the language of [[abstract algebra]], the first five properties listed above for add... - Number (4151 bytes)
5: ...e [[quantity]]. At least since the invention of [[complex number]]s, this definition must be relaxed. ...
8: ...]]s {0, 1, 2, ...} or {1, 2, 3, ...}, used for [[counting]], and denoted by '''N'''.
19: ...every polynomial with complex coefficients can be completely factored.
24: ...umber]]s, and those complex numbers which are not algebraic are called [[transcendental number|transcendent...
27: ...us leaving the category of associative [[division algebra]]s.
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