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- Maria Theresa of Austria (8450 bytes)
4: ...and [[Bohemia]] from [[1740]] to [[1780]]. She became empress when her husband was elected [[Holy Rom...
14: *HI&RH Archduchess Marie Caroline (1740-1741). [[Heiress-presumptive]] to the...
17: ...h of Austria|HI&RH Archduchess Marie Elisabeth]] (1743-1808)
20: ...; had issue. [[Grand Duke of Tuscany]]: 1765 (abdicated 1790); [[Holy Roman Emperor]]: 1790; [[Archduk...
21: *HI&RH Archduchess Marie Caroline (1748) - Denis Diderot (13048 bytes)
3: ...ce]] in 1713, he was a prominent figure in what became known as the [[The Age of Enlightenment|Enlight...
5: ...tent, while also examining [[philosophy|philosophical]] ideas relating to [[free will]]. He is also kn...
7: ... married Anne Toinette Champion, a devout [[Roman Catholic]]. He had affairs with the writer Madame Pu...
10: ...a translation of Stanyan's ''History of Greece'' (1743); with two colleagues he produced a translation o...
12: ...allegory]] pointing first to the extravagances of Catholicism; second, to the vanity of the pleasures ... - Elizabeth of Russia (14144 bytes)
3: ...she was one of the best loved Russian monarchs, because she didn't allow Germans in the government and...
7: ...hat time, her illegitimacy would be used by political opponents to challenge her right to the throne.
9: ... good, if not brilliant, but unfortunately her education was both imperfect and desultory. Her father ...
11: ...incess found herself at the age of eighteen practically her own mistress.
13: ...ov and hated the memory of Peter the Great, practically banished Peter's daughter from court. Elizabet... - Carpet (15753 bytes)
1: ...g of trade routes in the 17th century were significant numbers of [[Persian rug]]s introduced to Weste...
3: ...en carpet (or carpeting) and rug. The former indicates a covering that is affixed to a floor and the ...
5: [[Image:Carpet.png|350px|thumb|Contemporary Afghan Rug]]
7: == Carpet types ==
8: ...carpet 1.jpg|thumb|250px|Swatches of machine-made carpet]] - George Washington (29551 bytes)
2: | nationality=american
19: ...Chief]] of the [[Continental Army]] in the [[American Revolutionary War]] ([[1775]]–[[1783]]) an...
21: ...r the role he played in winning and securing American independence, George Washington is generally rec...
24: ...rthday is celebrated on the Gregorian (new style) calendar date. Also note that the English year began...
26: ...an attack of [[smallpox]], although his face was scarred by the disease. He was initiated as a [[Freem... - Thomas Jefferson (31127 bytes)
2: | nationality=american
9: | date of birth=[[April 13]], [[1743]]
15: | party=[[Democratic-Republican]]
18: ...dor]] to [[France]], [[Political philosophy|political philosopher]], [[revolutionary]], [[Agriculture|...
22: ==Biographical information== - Finland (29511 bytes)
14: ...kground:#f9f9f9;" | [[image:LocationFinland.png|Location of Finland]]
18: |'''[[Capital]]''' || [[Helsinki]]
32: | style="vertical-align: top;" | '''[[Independence]]'''<br /> ...
33: | style="vertical-align: top;" | From [[Russia]]<br/>[[6 December]...
44: | '''[[List_of_country_calling_codes|Calling Code]]''' || +358 - South Dakota (14035 bytes)
9: Capital = [[Pierre, South Dakota|Pierre]] |
38: ...the [[Lakota]] ([[Sioux]]) [[Native American|American Indian]] tribe.
64: ...atlas-south-dakota.png|thumb|Geographic and political features of South Dakota]]
72: *[[Pierre, South Dakota|Pierre]] - State Capital
82: ...e state capital (originally to be the present-day capital of North Dakota, [[Bismarck]]). - List of painters (54090 bytes)
8: *[[Salvador Dali]], ([[1904]]-[[1989]]), Catalan artist
13: *[[Pablo Picasso]], ([[1881]]-[[1973]]), Spanish [[Cubism|cubis...
26: *[[Bernard Accama]] ([[1697]]-[[1756]])
57: *[[Carl Andre]] ([[1935]]-)
73: *[[Hendrick Avercamp]] ([[1585]]-[[1634]]) - January 1 (18244 bytes)
1: ...w Year's Day'', and was, with [[Christmas]] and occasionally [[Twelfth Night (holiday)|Twelfth Night]]...
3: {{JanuaryCalendar}}
6: *[[45 BC]] - The [[Julian calendar]] first takes effect.
8: *[[990]] - Russia adopts the Julian calendar.
10: ...[[1600]] - [[Scotland]] begins using the [[Julian calendar]]. - Age of Enlightenment (36312 bytes)
4: ...he unity of science movement which includes [[logical positivism]].
6: ...] and [[ethics]] in addition to [[politics| political]] theories of the age. However, prominent Enligh...
8: ...osophical ideas, and their application to [[political economy]], [[government]] and sciences such as [...
14: ...iverse where God and Nature were one. This idea became central to the Enlightenment from Newton throug...
16: ...his ''[[Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica]].'' - List of chemists (10401 bytes)
14: ...il Bartlett]], (born 1932), English/Canadian/American chemist
19: *[[Carl Bosch]], (1872-1940), German chemist
26: *[[Melvin Calvin]] (1911-1997), American chemist, winner of 1961 [[Nobel Prize in Chemist...
27: *[[Georg Ludwig Carius]], (1829-1875), German chemist
28: *[[Heinrich Caro]], (1834-1910), German chemist - Benjamin Franklin (22881 bytes)
2: ...of the [[Royal Society]]. In [[1775]], Franklin became the first [[United States Postmaster General]].
4: ...ts to the [[glass harmonica]], and possibly [[bifocals]].
21: ...t son. His schooling ended at ten and at 12 he became an [[apprenticeship|apprentice]] to his brother...
23: ...Franklin a forum for agitating for a variety of local reforms. His intelligence combined with a great...
27: ...t)|enlightenment]] partly contributed to the American colonies' struggle to maintain their privileges.... - List of mathematicians (37424 bytes)
1: ...elow in [[English language|English]] [[alphabet]]ical [[transliteration]] order (by [[surname]]).
12: ... Abraham|Ralph H. Abraham]] (USA, [[University of California, Santa Cruz]])
37: *[[Cahit Arf]] (Turkey, [[1910]] - [[1997]])
99: *[[Carlo Emilio Bonferroni]] (Italy [[1892]] - [[1960]]...
106: *[[Jonathan Borwein]] (Scotland/Canada, [[1951]]-) - List of philosophers (79981 bytes)
1: ... the history of philosophy)'', '''listed alphabetically:'''
65: *[[Ammonius Saccas]], (3rd century){{fn|C}}
80: *[[Anselm of Canterbury|Anselm]], (1034-1109){{fn|C}}{{fn|O}}{{fn...
81: *[[Antiochus of Ascalon]], (c. 130-68 BC){{fn|C}}{{fn|O}}{{fn|R}}
165: *[[Cesare, Marquis of Beccaria]], (1738-1794){{fn|C}} - Celsius (3635 bytes)
16: ...-conversion-calculator/temperature.htm Conversion calculator for units of temperature]</small>
18: ..., a Christian of Lyons (1743), and the botanist [[Carolus Linnaeus]] (1740); also independently invent...
20: ...ion of Celsius himself and to eliminate confusion caused by conflict with the use of the [[SI]] ''cent...
22: ...was reversed in [[1747]], at the instigation of [[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], or perhaps [[Daniel Eks...
24: ...vin are used for aeronautical and scientific applications. - Holmium (7766 bytes)
17: | [[Chemical series]]
23: | [[Density]], [[Mohs hardness scale|Hardness]]
34: | [[Atomic radius]] (calc.)
55: ...an="2" align="center" bgcolor="#ffbfff" | '''Physical properties'''
61: | 1743 [[Kelvin|K]] (2678 ?[[Fahrenheit|F]]) - Voltaire (48640 bytes)
8: ...hout his life, Voltaire sometimes implied that he came from a [[noble]] background.
10: ... been strict, but neither inhospitable nor tyrannical. Marguerite Arouet, of whom her younger brother ...
12: ... there till [[1711]]. Though he deprecated the education he had received, it formed the basis of his c...
14: ...r stopped the affair by procuring a ''[[lettre de cachet]]'', though he never used it.
16: ...e [[Bastille]] on [[May 16]], [[1717]], here he recast ''Oedipe'', began the ''Henriade'' and decided ...
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