Sinclair BASIC
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Sinclair BASIC (taking its name from innovator Sir Clive Sinclair) is a dialect of the BASIC programming language used in the home computers from Sinclair Research and Timex Sinclair. Sinclair BASIC was made by Nine Tiles Networks Ltd.
Originally developed in 1979 to fit in the 4 KB ROM of the ZX80, it was initially an incomplete implementation of the 1978 ANSI minimal BASIC standard and evolved through the 8K ROM ZX81 and Timex Sinclair 1000 (TS1000) to be an almost complete version in the 16K ROM ZX Spectrum.
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Original Sinclair BASIC
Reserved words
On the Spectrum there are 86 reserved words in Sinclair BASIC, denoting commands, statements, combined commands/statements, functions, and other keywords :
- ABS, ACS, AND1, ASN, AT, ATN, ATTR, BEEP, BIN, BORDER, BRIGHT, CAT2, CHR$</u>3, CIRCLE, CLEAR, CLOSE#2, CLS, CODE3, CONTINUE, COPY, COS, DATA, DEF FN, DIM, DRAW, ERASE2, EXP, FLASH, FN, FOR, FORMAT2, GO SUB, GO TO, IF4, IN, INK, INKEY$3, INPUT, INT, INVERSE, LEN, LET5, LINE, LIST, LLIST, LN, LOAD, LPRINT, MERGE, MOVE2, NEW, NEXT, NOT1, OPEN#2, OR1, OUT, OVER, PAPER, PAUSE, PEEK, PI, PLOT, POINT, POKE, PRINT, RANDOMIZE, READ, REM, RESTORE, RETURN, RND, RUN, SAVE, SCREEN$3, SGN, SIN, SQR, STEP, STR$3, TAB, TAN, THEN 4, TO, USR, VAL3, VAL$3, VERIFY
Statements/commands found exclusively on the ZX81, TS1000 and TS1500 are:
- FAST, SCROLL, SLOW, UNPLOT, GOSUB/GOTO (vs the Spectrum's GO SUB/GO TO)
The 128K models introduced two commands:
- PLAY, SPECTRUM
Timex BASIC, used on the Spectrum-compatibles TS2048 and TS2068, has the following six keywords on top of the ordinary Sinclair BASIC ones:
- DELETE, FREE, ON ERR, RESET, SOUND, STICK
Notes
- AND, NOT, and OR are logical operators.
- CAT, CLOSE#, ERASE, FORMAT, MOVE, and OPEN# are Microdrive-related file system commands/statements. Their use produces an error when a Microdrive is not connected.
- String variables must consist of only one alphabetical character.
Thus, «LET A=5», «LET Apples=5», and «LET A$="Hello"» are all good, while «LET APPLES$="Fruit"» is not. - There is no ELSE operator in the IF - THEN (- ELSE) chain.
Thus, instead of
10 IF V=5 THEN GO TO 50 ELSE GO TO 100
it is
10 IF V=5 THEN GOTO 50
20 GO TO 100 - LET is compulsory (i.e., «LET A=1» but never «A=1»).
Sinclair Extended BASIC
This extended version of Sinclair BASIC was used on the Amstrad-developed/manufactured Spectrum +2 and +3 machines.
References
- Ardley, Neil (198X). Sinclair ZX Spectrum+ User Guide. Dorling Kindersley in association with Sinclair Research. ISBN 0-86318-080-9.
External links
- The History of Sinclair BASIC (http://www.worldofspectrum.org/sinclairbasic/history.html) – By Andrew Owen, whose Sinclar BASIC website is hosted by World of Spectrum