Segmentation fault
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A segmentation fault (sometimes referred to as segfault for short) is a particular error condition that can occur during the operation of computer software. In short, a segmentation fault occurs when a program attempts to access a memory location that it is not allowed to access, or attempts to access a memory location in a way it is not allowed to (eg, attempts to write a read-only location). Systems based on processors like the Motorola 68000 tend to refer to these events as Address or Bus errors.
Segmentation is one approach to memory management and protection in the operating system. It has been superseded by paging for most purposes, but much of the terminology of segmentation is still used, "segmentation fault" being an example. Some operating systems still have segmentation at some logical level although paging is used as the main memory management policy.
UNIX programmers are likely to use the term synonymously with "segmentation violation" and the associated signal, SIGSEGV.
Microsoft Windows users are likely to see a General protection fault, but programmers still use the term segmentation fault. (The debugger of MS Visual Studio does not use the term "segmentation fault" but reports an "access violation".)
The humorous website Segfault was named after this error.
Example
Here is an example of an ANSI C program that should create a segmentation fault on most platforms with memory protection:
int main(void)
{
char *p = 0; /* p is now a NULL-pointer of type "char *" */
*p = 'x'; /* Attempt to write character 'x' at address 0 (the NULL-pointer) */
return 0;
}
Compiling and running it on NetBSD produces the following:
$ cc -g3 -o segfault segfault.c $ ./segfault Segmentation fault
Program received signal SIGSEGV, Segmentation fault. 0x080487b0 in main () at segfault.c:4 4 *p = 'x'; (gdb) bt #0 0x080487b0 in main () at segfault.c:4