Scherzo
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A scherzo (plural scherzi) is a name given to a piece of music or a movement from a larger piece such as a symphony. The word means "joke" in Italian. Sometimes the word scherzando is used in musical notation to indicate that a passage should be played in a playful manner.
The scherzo developed from the minuet, and gradually came to replace it as the third (or sometimes second) movement in symphonies, string quartets, sonatas and similar works. It traditionally retains the 3/4 time signature and ternary form of the minuet, but is considerably quicker. It is often, but not always, of a light-hearted nature. A few examples of scherzi exist which are not in the normal 3/4 time, such as in Beethoven's Piano Sonata No. 18. The scherzo is in ABA form, known as ternary form. The "B" theme is a trio, a lighter passage for fewer instruments. It is not necessarily for only three instruments, as the name implies, except in early Baroque music.
Joseph Haydn wrote minuets which are very close to scherzi in tone, but it was Ludwig van Beethoven and Franz Schubert who first used the form widely, with Beethoven in particular turning the polite rhythm of the minuet into a much more intense, and sometimes even savage dance.
Most of Beethoven’s scherzi as of the Eroica symphony contain two appearances of the trio, in which the second is sometimes varied and after the second of which the scherzo material often returns much foreshortened by way of a coda. Schumann, as noted by Cedric Thorpe-Davie would very often use two trios also, but different trios.
The scherzo remained a standard movement in the symphony and related forms through the 19th century. Composers also began to write scherzi as pieces in themselves, stretching the boundaries of the form. Frédéric Chopin's four well-known scherzi for the piano are dark and dramatic, and hardly come off as jokes. Robert Schumann remarked of them, "How is gravity to clothe itself if jest goes about in dark veils?"
The only piece by Henry Charles Litolff performed with any regularity is a scherzo for piano and orchestra (though it is a movement from the fourth (of five) Concerti Symphonique rather than a single-movement piece per se).
An unrelated use of the word in music is in light-hearted madrigals of the renaissance period, which were often called scherzi musicali. Claudio Monteverdi, for example, wrote two sets of works with this title, the first in 1607, the second in 1632.de:Scherzo ja:スケルツォ no:Scherzo pl:Scherzo zh:诙谐曲