Normalized frequency
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In telecommunication, the term normalized frequency ( V ) has several meanings; it may refer to the ratio between an actual frequency and a reference value, or to the ratio between an actual frequency and its nominal value.
In an optical fiber, normalized frequency is a dimensionless quantity, V, given by the following equation, where a is the core radius, λ is the wavelength in vacuum, n1 is the maximum refractive index of the core, and n2 is the refractive index of the homogeneous cladding:
<math>V = {2 \pi a \over \lambda} \sqrt{{n_1}^2 - {n_2}^2}<math>
In multimode operation of an optical fiber having a power-law refractive index profile, the approximate number of bound modes (i.e. the mode volume), is given by the following equation, where V is the normalized frequency greater than 5 and g is the profile parameter:
<math>{V^2 \over 2} \left( {g \over g + 2} \right)<math>
For a step index fiber, the mode volume is given by V2/2. For single-mode operation, V < 2.405. Synonym: V number.