Motocross
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Motocross is form of motorcycle or ATV racing held on off road on enclosed circuits. Motocross is derived from the French, and was originally called Scrambling when the sport was "invented" in the UK. The name "motocross" is a contraction derived from the words "Motorcycle" and "Cross Country". Motocross is often abbreviated to MX.
Motocross tracks are often quite large, natural, terrains with very few man made jumps, unlike Supercross, a sport that originally derived from Motocross and is executed on a smaller track with many more extreme man made obstacles. It is not unheard of for a Motocross track to be made up entirely of hills and turns with no jumps at all. Due to the size of the track, Motocross races often contain more than 40 racers where Supercross usually stays around 25.
Another difference is that Motocross usually uses a two race formula to determine a winner, where the two rankings in each race (or "moto") are added together and the lowest score wins the overall race. If there is a tie, then the racer who scored higher in the second of the day's races will be awarded the higher overall position. Supercross typically uses a single race format where the winner is the first person to finish a predetermined number of laps. If necessary, prior to the main event there are a series of heat races to eliminate the slowest racers. The racers that survive the elimination go on compete in the main (or "final") event.
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Machines
Motocross motorcycles are lightweight and powered by highly tuned two-stroke or four-stroke engines (but usually geared for quick acceleration rather than very high speeds). They have knobby tyres for traction on loose surfaces, a highly absorbent suspension designed to cope with the shock of heavy landings, and short gearing designed for swift acceleration rather than the ultimate in top speed. Unusually for racing machines, they can be purchased in a ready-to-race condition at moderate prices from major motorcycle manufacturers.
Professional riders, however, modify their machines further, both for outright performance and to have the bike's behaviour more in tune with their own preferences. The latest trend in motocross motorcycles is towards four-stroke engines. New four-stroke machines rival the two-strokes in both weight and power and are significantly easier to use due to the smoother power delivery. These engines have been developed due to environmental concerns regarding the increased emissions of two-strokes. Some predict that two-strokes will not be available to buy after 2007, perhaps earlier in states such as California.
Engine sizes ranges from 50cc right up to 550cc, although sidecars can have up 1000cc engines. Four stroke motocrossers do not compete on a truly level playing field. Currently, 250cc four strokes compete in the 125cc class and 450cc four strokes are used in the 250cc class. They are very competitive in these classes but need twice the displacement to rival a two-stroke.
See also Motorcycle - especailly the "Construction", "Dirt bike/Trail bike" and "Farm bike" sections
Manufactures
Incomplete list
Current
The above five are the major five manufactures in most markets, the manufactures below command little market share (currently - 2005).
Previous
See also the List of motorcycle manufacturers
The Event
The object of the contest is to complete either a defined number of laps (usually three to five) or time period (anything up to 40 minutes) first. This competition is called a moto. Usually a race consists of two or three motos with the scores combined for an overall result.
Motocross racing is one of the most visually appealing forms of motorsport, with riders performing seemingly death-defying leaps, turns visibly at the edge of traction (as indicated by a sliding, spinning rear tyre throwing dirt at all behind it), and the effort of riders clearly visible as the move their bodies around their motorcycles to balance the bikes for maximum speed.
Recently the sport has evolved with sub disciplines like Supercross and Arenacross (both are indoor motocross), Freestyle (or FMX) (a display of jumping skill rather than racing) and Supermoto (Motocross machines racing on both tarmac and off road).
ATVs
ATV's are enjoying a recent increase in popularity in the motocross scene. Due to a several ATV injuries and a number of high profile lawsuits, from 1989 to 1999 there was virtually no factory support for racing. The Yamaha Banshee was the only sport quad produced for that decade, and it received no updates either. For that decade, most quad racers purchased used Honda 250R's, a 250cc two-stroke race quad that Honda produced during the late eighties, ending production in 1989 to comply with a 10 year moratorium on sport quads, agreed upon by the major Japanese manufacturers. In 1999 Honda reentered the sport scene with a four-stroke quad, the 400EX. While not as fast and light as the 250R, with time and money it could be built into a formidable race quad. The 400EX began to dominate racing for the next five years until Yamaha released the YFZ450, a 450cc quad designed specifically for race use. The YFZ450 was immediately the best quad to buy for racing, as it could be very competitive straight off the factory floor. Eight months later Honda released their competition to the YFZ450, the TRX450R, another race ready stock bike for similar money.
Sidecars
Sidecar racing, known as Sidecarcross has been around since the 50’s but has declined in popularity since the 90’s. This variant is common in Europe, with a few followers in USA, New Zealand and Australia. Motocross sidecars are purpose built frames that resemble an ordinary motocross-cycle with a flat platform to stand on attached to either side and a handlebar at waist height to hold on to. The side of the "chair" (slang for the platform) usually follows the side of the road the nation in question drives upon, but not always. The passenger balances the bike by being a counterweight, especially in corners and on jumps. It’s driven on ordinary crosstracks. It is very physically demanding, especially for the passenger. This is reflected in most in the Swedish term for passenger- "burkslav", roughly translated as trunk/body/barrel-slave. This name comes from the early sidecars where the platform looked like a real road-sidecar and not todays platform.
The major frame builders today (2004) are VMC, BSU, AYR, EML and Woodenleg. Ordinary engines can be used, but size matters and two engines purpose built for sidecars exist, Zabel (Germany) and MTH (Austria) are most common. Fourstrokes are getting more common, usually KTM(Austria).
Freestyle Motocross
Freestyle motocross (FMX), a relatively new sport, is not racing and concentrates on performing acrobatic stunts while jumping these motorcycles.
Minibikes
The latest craze is adult racing on miniature (50cc) machines.
Youth Sport
Motocross can be an entry sport for motorsports in general. Classes for children as young as 4 years old exist for competition on 50cc machines.
Supermoto
Supermoto is a recent invention were Motocross bikes are raced over a part concrete, part off road track, with "road" tires instead of off road tires. Races can either be on go kart tracks, road race tracks or even street tracks.There are also other classes for kids such as the 85cc class.
Governing Bodies
The sport is governed world wide by the FIM, with federations in many nations.
Incomplete listing