Modula-3
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Modula-3 is a programming language conceived as a successor to Modula-2. It was designed by Luca Cardelli, Jim Donahue, Mick Jordan, Bill Kalsow and Greg Nelson at the DEC Systems Research Center and Olivetti in the late 1980s. Its main features are simplicity and safety while preserving the power of a systems-programming language. Modula-3 aimed to continue the Pascal tradition of type safety, while introducing new constructs for practical real-world programming. In particular Modula-3 adds support for generic programming (similar to templates), multithreading, exception handling, garbage collection, object-oriented programming, partial revelation and encapsulation of unsafe code. The design goal of Modula-3 was a language that implements the most important features of modern imperative languages in quite basic forms. Thus dangerous and complicating features like multiple inheritance and operator overloading were omitted.
The Modula-3 project started in November 1986 when Maurice Wilkes wrote to Niklaus Wirth with some ideas for a new version of Modula. Wilkes had been working at DEC just prior to this point, and had returned to England and joined Olivetti's Research Strategy Board. Wirth had already moved on to Oberon, but had no problems with the Wilkes' team continuing development under the Modula name. The language definition was completed in August 1988, and an updated version in January 1989. Compilers from DEC and Olivetti soon followed, and 3rd party implementations after that.
Language features
Exception handling is based on the now-traditional TRY...EXCEPT block system, the only difference being that the EXCEPT construct defined a pseudo-CASE with each possible exception as a case in one EXCEPT clause. Modula-3 also supports a LOOP...EXIT...END construct that loops until an EXIT occurs, a structure equivalent to a simple loop inside of a TRY...EXCEPT clause.
Object support is intentionally kept to its simplest terms. A class is introduced with the OBJECT declaration, which is essentially a RECORD with some specific syntax. For instance:
A = OBJECT a: INTEGER; METHODS p() := AP; END;
Defines a new class "A", which contains a single field "a" and method p. The procedure AP that implements p must be defined elsewhere:
PROCEDURE AP(self: A) = BEGIN ... END;
Method calls are accomplished with o.p();, where o is a variable of type A.
Modula-3's REVEAL construct provides a conceptually simple and clean yet very powerful mechanism for hiding implementation details from clients, with arbitrarily many levels of "friendliness".
In summary, the language features:
- Modules and interfaces
- Explicit marking of unsafe code
- Automatic garbage collection
- Strong typing
- Objects
- Exceptions
- Threads
- Generics
Several compilers are available, many of them open source.
Basic Syntax
A common example of a language's syntax is the Hello world program.
MODULE Main;
IMPORT IO;
BEGIN
IO.Put("Hello World\n");
END Main.
External links
- Modula-3 Home Page (http://www.research.compaq.com/SRC/modula-3/html/home.html)
- Modula-3 Resource Page (http://www.m3.org)
- Modula-3: Language definition (http://www.research.compaq.com/SRC/m3defn/html/complete.html)de:Modula-3 it:Modula-3 ja:Modula-3