Metaprogramming (programming)
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Metaprogramming is the writing of programs that write or manipulate other programs (or themselves) as their data or that do part of the work that is otherwise done at runtime during compile time. This allows programmers to produce a larger amount of code and get more done in the same amount of time as they would take to write all the code manually.
A simple example of a metaprogram is this bash script:
#!/bin/bash
# metaprogram
echo "#!/bin/bash" > program
for ((I=1;I<=992;I++)) do
echo "echo $I" >> program
done
chmod +x program
This script (or program) generates a new 993 line program which prints out the numbers 1-992. This is only an illustration on how to use code to write more code, not the most efficient way to print out a list of numbers. Nonetheless, a good programmer can write and execute this metaprogram in just a couple of minutes, and will have generated exactly 1000 lines of code in that amount of time.
- The most common metaprogramming tool is a compiler which allows a programmer to write a relatively short program in a high-level language and uses it to write an equivalent assembly language or machine language program. This generally saves a good deal of time compared to writing the machine language program directly.
- Another still fairly common example of metaprogramming might be found in the use of lex (see also: flex) and yacc (see also: bison), which are used to generate compilers and interpreters.
- A Quine is a special kind of metaprogram that has its own source as its output.
Reflection is a valuable language feature for facilitating metaprogramming. Having the programming language itself as a first class data type (as in Lisp) is also very useful.
See also
- Template metaprogramming - a C++ compile-time example.
- Line of code - a measure of Software Engineering and static code analysis.
- OpenC++
- Recoder
- Code generation
- GCC RDF Introspector
- Self-modifying code
External links
- c2.com Wiki: Metaprogramming article (http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?MetaProgramming)
- Metaprogramming and Free Availability of Sources by François-René Rideau (http://fare.tunes.org/articles/ll99/index.en.html)
- MetaL (http://www.meta-language.net/) - Metaprogramming language with source code in XML that is used to generate code in several target languages: Java, Perl, PHP, etc.
- DSLEngine (http://dslengine.sourceforge.net/) - Scheme macro metaprogramming example