Long rifle
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The term long rifle (or alternately "longrifle") refers to a type of rifle used in early America by both military and civilians. It is characterized by an unusually long barrel, often over four feet in length, which is felt to be in large part a unique development of American rifles, and is almost never seen in European rifles of the period.
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Origins
The longrifle developed on the American frontier in the period beginning in the 1740's, and continued its development technically and artistically until it passed out of fashion in the mid to late 19th century. It is interesting to note, however, that strong pockets of longrifle use and manufacture continued in the Appalachian Mountains of Virginia, Tennessee, and North Carolina, well into the 20th century, as a practical and efficient firearm for these still quite rural segments of the nation. Longrifles could be made entirely by hand, in a frontier setting, which could not be said of modern breechloaders such as the Winchester.
Although experts argue the fine points of origin and lineage, it is accepted that the longrifle was the product of Germanic gunsmiths who immigrated to new settlements in Pennsylvania and Virginia as early as the 1740's. Initially the weapon of choice on the frontier was the smooth bore musket or trade gun, built in the thousands in factories in England and France and shipped to the Colonies for purchase. But gradually a group of solitary frontiersmen, Indian fighters, and professional market hunters began using more and more rifles due to their longer effective range. While the smooth bore musket had an effective range of less than 100 yards, a good rifleman could hit a man size target out to three hundred yards or more. Among the earliest documented working rifle makers are Adam Haymaker who had a thriving trade in the northern Shenandoah Valley of Virginia, and also the Moravian gunshops at both Christian Springs in Pennsylvania and also in the Salem area of central North Carolina. All three areas were busy and productive centers of rifle making by the 1750's. The Great Wagon Road was a bustling frontier thoroughfare, and traced this same root - from eastern Pennsylvania, down the Shenandoah Valley, and spilling into both the Cumberland Gap into Kentucky and the Yadkin River (Salem) area of North Carolina. Rifle shops dotted this road and kept the frontier supplied with the tools of exploration and conquest of the frontier. The settlers of western Virginia, Tennessee, and North Carolina soon gained a reputation for hardy independence and rifle marksmanship as a way of life, further reinforced by the performance of riflemen in the American Revolution as well as the War of 1812. In that war, the longrifle gained its more famous nickname the Kentucky Rifle, after a popular song "The Hunters of Kentucky", about Andrew Jackson and his victory at the Battle of New Orleans, where southern riflemen inflicted horrendous casualties to British invaders and suffered almost no losses themselves.
Just why the American rifle developed its characteristic long barrel is a matter of much conjecture. The Germanic gunsmiths working in America would have been very familiar with German rifles, which seldom had barrels longer than 30 inches, and often had barrels much shorter. One good argument is that the gun could be loaded (from the muzzle) while on horse back, by resting the butt of the rifle on the ground. Another is that the longer barrel allowed for finer sighting and thus greater accuracy. Another is that the gun was long enough to hang above frontier fireplaces artistically for drying the barrel, while keeping the black powder removed from the heat of the fire, thereby enabling keeping the gun loaded and dry. But for whatever reason, by the 1750's it was common to see frontiersmen carrying a new and distinctive style of rifle that was used with great skill to provide tens of thousands of deer hides for the British leather industry. These woodsmen were also exceptional trackers and Indian fighters, and played an important role in the French and Indian War which was in large part a guerilla war fought in many parts of the American back country. By the time of the American Revolution a strong tradition of riflery had been ingrained into the citizens of Virginia, Pennsylvania, and North Carolina, and all lands west into the Indian territories.
Characteristics
Artistically, the longrifle is known for its often ornate decoration. The decorative arts of furniture making, painting, silver smithing, gunsmithing, etc. all took their style cues from the prevailing trends of the day, and as in most things the fashion was set in Paris. Baroque and later rococo motifs found their way into all the decorative arts, and can be seen in the acanthus leaf scroll work so common on 18th century furniture and silver. The American frontier, as remote as it was, was not divorced from this trend, and the best American longrifles have art applied to them that is fully the equal of any Philadelphia cabinet or silver shop. Originally rather plain, it didn't take long for the longrifle to be a source of pride for its owner, and by the 1770's every surface of the rifle could be used as a canvas for excellent applied art. Gunsmiths were recognized as the preeminent craftsmen of their day for they, more than any other tradesmen, had to be expert in all the materials of the time. An accomplished gunsmith had to be a skilled blacksmith, whitesmith, wood carver, brass and silver founder, engraver, and wood finisher. While the European shops of the day had significant specialization of the trades, leading to many separate tradesmen building each rifle, the frontier had no such luxury, and quite often only one gunmaker, aided by perhaps a lone apprentice would make the entire rifle, a process almost unheard of in 18th century trade practice.
Decline and rebirth
By the turn of the 20th century, there was little traditional longrifle making left except in isolated pockets. The American longrifle, although well known and preserved in museums, was becoming an extinct species as far as modern workmanship was concerned. Few men were left who could build a longrifle. By the 1950's there was noone left in the US who could make an entire rifle by hand, which involved forging the iron barrel from a flat bar, as well as forging all the parts for the gun lock and casting the brass parts in a small shop foundry. Popular interest in muzzleloading rifle shooting as a hobby spurred interest in the origins of the longrifle, and a few men began to search out the last remaining tradesmen who could shed some light on how the rifles were made. One man in particular, Wallace Gusler, was quickly seen to be a prodigious craftsman, and by the mid 1960's he had become the gunsmith at the restored historical community Colonial Williamsburg. In 1969, after years of effort, he and associate Gary Brumfield made the first completely handmade rifle of the 20th century. Later, the process was documented in the popular film "Gunsmith of Williamsburg", which is still available. Along with brilliant makers like the late John Bivins, the renaissance of the American longrifle was in full swing and is today again a thriving craft tradition with dozens of active makers.
External Link
For more information, a useful website is The Contemporary Longrifle Association [1] (http://www.longrifle.ws) which maintains records of current makers.
Those interested in the history of the longrifle can find out more at The Kentucky Rifle Association [2] (http://www.kentuckyrifleassociation.org)