Limit superior and limit inferior
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In mathematics, the limit inferior and limit superior of a sequence can be thought of as limiting bounds on the sequence.
The limit inferior (or lower limit) of a sequence (xn) is defined as
- <math>\liminf_{n\rightarrow\infty}x_n=\sup_{n\geq 0}\,\inf_{k\geq n}x_k=\sup\{\,\inf\{\,x_k:k\geq n\,\}:n\geq 0\,\}.<math>
or
- <math>\liminf_{n\rightarrow\infty}x_n=\lim_{n\rightarrow\infty}\left(\inf_{m\geq n}x_m\right).<math>
Similarly, the limit superior (or upper limit) of (xn) is defined as
- <math>\limsup_{n\rightarrow\infty}x_n=\inf_{n\geq 0}\,\sup_{k\geq n}x_k=\inf\{\,\sup\{\,x_k:k\geq n\,\}:n\geq 0\,\}.<math>
or
- <math>\limsup_{n\rightarrow\infty}x_n=\lim_{n\rightarrow\infty}\left(\sup_{m\geq n}x_m\right).<math>
These definitions make sense in any partially ordered set, provided the supremums and infimums exist. In a complete lattice, the supremums and infimums always exist, and so in this case every sequence has a limit superior and a limit inferior.
Whenever lim inf xn and lim sup xn both exist, then
- <math>\liminf_{n\rightarrow\infty}x_n\leq\limsup_{n\rightarrow\infty}x_n.<math>
Sequences of real numbers
In calculus, the case of sequences in R (the real numbers) is important. R itself is not a complete lattice, but positive and negative infinities can be added to give the complete totally ordered set [-∞,∞]. Then (xn) in [-∞,∞] converges if and only if lim inf xn = lim sup xn, in which case lim xn is equal to their common value. (Note that when working just in R, convergence to -∞ or ∞ would not be considered as convergence.)
As an example, consider the sequence given by xn = sin(n). Using the fact that pi is irrational, one can show that lim inf xn = −1 and lim sup xn = +1.
If I = lim inf xn and S = lim sup xn, then the interval [I, S] need not contain any of the numbers xn, but every slight enlargement [I − ε, S + ε] (for arbitrarily small ε > 0) will contain xn for all but finitely many indices n. In fact, the interval [I, S] is the smallest closed interval with this property.
An example from number theory is
- <math>\liminf_n(p_{n+1}-p_n),<math>
where pn is the n-th prime number. The value of this limit inferior is conjectured to be 2 - this is the twin prime conjecture - but as yet has not even been proved finite.
Sequences of sets
The power set P(X) of a set X is a complete lattice, and it is sometimes useful to consider limits superior and inferior of sequences in P(X), that is, sequences of subsets of X. If Xn is such a sequence, then an element a of X belongs to lim inf Xn if and only if there exists a natural number n0 such that a is in Xn for all n > n0. The element a belongs to lim sup Xn if and only if for every natural number n0 there exists an index n > n0 such that a is in Xn. In other words, lim sup Xn consists of those elements which are in Xn for infinitely many n, while lim inf Xn consists of those elements which are in Xn for all but finitely many n.
Using the standard parlance of set theory, the infimum of a sequence of sets is the countable intersection of the sets, the largest set included in all of the sets:
- <math>\inf\left\{\,x_n : n=1,2,3,\dots\,\right\}={\bigcap_{n=1}^\infty}x_n<math>
The sequence of n=1,2,3,...,In, where In is the infimum of set n, is non-decreasing, because In⊂In+1. Therefore, the countable union of infimum from 1 to n is equal to the nth infimum. Taking this sequence of sets to the limit:
- <math>\liminf_{n\rightarrow\infty}x_n={\bigcup_{n=1}^\infty}\left({\bigcap_{m=n}^\infty}x_m\right).<math>
The limsup can be defined as the opposite. The supremum of a sequence of sets is the smallest set containing all the sets, i.e., the countable union of the sets.
- <math>\sup\left\{\,x_n : n=1,2,3,\dots\,\right\}={\bigcup_{n=1}^\infty}x_n<math>
The limsup is the countable intersection of this non-increasing (each supremum is a subset of the previous supremum) sequence of sets.
- <math>\limsup_{n\rightarrow\infty}x_n={\bigcap_{n=1}^\infty}\left({\bigcup_{m=n}^\infty}x_m\right).<math>
See Borel-Cantelli lemma for an example.de:Limes superior und Limes inferior ru:Частичный предел zh:上极限和下极限