Letterbox
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- For the item of door furniture, see letter box.
Letterboxing is the practice of copying widescreen film to video formats while preserving the original aspect ratio. Since the video display is most often a more square aspect ratio than the original film, the resulting master must include masked-off areas above and below the picture area (these are often referred to as "black bars"). The term takes its name from the similarity of the resulting image to a horizontal opening in a postal letter box. The resulting video master utilizes only a portion of the display screen, the technique offers an alternative to the older pan and scan (also called full screen) method of copying that cropped the image to suit the 4:3 (or 12:9) ratio of the television screen. Letterboxing preserves the original composition of the film as seen in the theater.
Some filmmakers state a preference for letterboxed videos of their work. Woody Allen's insistence on a letterboxed release of Manhattan probably inspired this treatment of other films. One exception to the preference is Milos Forman, who finds the bands distracting. However, most video releases are made without consultation with either the director or director of cinematography of the film. The letterboxing is often careless, and the common 16:9 ratio does not precisely correspond to aspect ratios of the most common widescreen systems.
HDTV, a newer digital video system, uses video displays with a wider aspect ratio than standard television and, is becoming the broadcast standard in the United States. The wider screen will make it easier to make an accurate letterbox transfer. Some contemporary television programming is being produced in letterbox format. This is done both to give a "classier" look to the image (particularly in the case of advertising), and to facilitate the production of widescreen programming for later syndication in HDTV.
In Europe, letterboxing has long been the standard for showing widescreen theatrical movies on TV, partially because the PAL TV system with its higher vertical resolution does not degrade letterboxed images as much as the American NTSC system. Together with the advance of digital broadcasting which allows 16:9 transmissions without loss of vertical resolution, 16:9 widescreen television is now slowly also becoming common on European television for made-for-TV materials. Although this is not true HDTV it uses the same aspect ratio, and the majority of programming in countries like Britain and France is now made in letterbox format; in Germany most made-for-TV programming is still broadcast in 4:3 fullscreen.
Of course, on a true widescreen television set the "letterboxed" 16:9 picture is no longer letterboxed since it fills the entire screen. However, movies made in even wider aspect ratios are letterboxed to some extent even on 16:9 sets.
Sometimes, by accident or design, a standard-ratio image is presented in the central portion of a letterboxed picture, resulting in a black border all around. This is referred to as "matchboxing" and is generally disliked because it wastes a lot of screen space and reduces the resolution of the original image. This can for instance be seen on some of the DVD editions of the Star Trek movies whenever the widescreen documentaries included as extras use footage from the original TV series. The alternative would be to crop the original 4:3 TV images horizontally to fit the 16:9 ratio.
See also motion picture terminology, widescreen, pan and scan
External links
- The Widescreen and Letterbox Advocacy Page (http://www.widescreen.org/index.shtml)
- Why Widescreen? (http://www.whywidescreen.com)
- Widescreen Resources & Information (http://home1.gte.net/res0mrb7/widescreen/)
- How Film Is Transferred to Video (http://www.cs.tut.fi/~leopold/Ld/FilmToVideo/)
- A Tribute To The Criterion Collection (http://www.laserscans.com/essays/crit2.htm)
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