John Cade
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Dr John Frederick Joseph Cade, Australian psychiatrist and discoverer (in 1948) of the effects of lithium carbonate as a mood stabilizer in the treatment of Bipolar Disorder.
Lithium was one of the first chemical treatments of mental illness.
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Cade's discovery of lithium carbonate's effect on mania
Cade was originally investigating the hypothesis that mania was related to urea, and using lithium citrate as part of an animal experiment. However, his use of careful controls in his experiments revealed that the lithium salt had a calming effect by itself. A small-scale trial on humans revealed that lithium had a powerful effect on mania in people.
Early results were highly promising, but the toxicity of lithium led to several deaths of patients undergoing lithium treatment. This prevented its widespread adoption in psychiatry for some years, particularly in the United States, where its use was banned.
One problem was that the difference between too small and too large a dose was very small and difficult to control, until later on suitable blood test were developed to measure the Lithium level in the blood.
Neurochemistry of lithium carbonate
The biologically active element in lithium carbonate is the lithium cation, Li+. It is conjectured to act on over-active receptors in the cell membranes of neurons.
References
- Cade, JFJ; Lithium salts in the treatment of psychotic excitement. Med J Aust 1949, 36, p349-352
External links
- Another telling of the Cade story (http://www.uea.ac.uk/~wp276/history.htm)
- Toxicity profile of lithium carbonate (http://risk.lsd.ornl.gov/tox/profiles/lith_c.shtml)
- Lithium Revisited (http://www.cpa-apc.org/Publications/Archives/CJP/2001/May/Lithium.asp), Can J Psychiatry 2001;46:322-327