Jack Ruby
|
|
Jacob Leon Rubenstein, who later changed his name and was known as Jack Leon Ruby (March 25?, 1911 - January 3, 1967), a Dallas nightclub owner, shot and killed Lee Harvey Oswald on November 24, 1963, two days after Oswald was arrested for the assassination of President Kennedy.
| Contents |
Family and Early Life
Jack Ruby was born Jacob Rubenstein to Joseph Rubenstein (1871 - 1958) and Fannie Turek Rutkowski or Rokowsky in Chicago in 1911. His parents were Polish immigrants and their religious beliefs were Orthodox Jewish.
Joseph Rubenstein was born in the town of Sokolov, located near Warsaw, Poland, Imperial Russia. He was a carpenter as was his father. He joined the Russian army in 1893, serving in the artillery. He married early during his service. Later Joseph was reportedly assigned to forces positioned in China, Korea and Siberia. He grew to detest army life and reportedly "walked away" from it in 1898. The Rubensteins left the Russian Empire about four years later. They briefly lived in the United Kingdom and then Canada. They entered the United States in 1903. They settled on Chicago's West Side in 1904.
Various conflicting birth dates for Jacob Rubenstein, from March to June of 1911, are quoted in various sources and were given by Ruby at various times. The fifth of his parents' eight living children, he had a troubled childhood and adolescence, marked by juvenile delinquency and times in foster homes. Young Ruby worked selling horse-racing tip sheets, then for a scrap-iron collectors union.
Organized Crime Links
He also had links to organized crime while working for Al Capone's Mafia organization. He served in the United States Army during World War II without seeing combat. After being discharged he moved to Dallas in 1947 where he and his brothers shortened their names to Ruby. They had opened up a mail order business and feared that some Americans would not do business with Jews. He later went on managing nightclubs, strip clubs, and dance halls, and also working as manager for entertainers and prostitutes for various Mob leaders. Ruby went to Cuba in 1959 on one of his gun-running ventures and to visit a mafia friend, Lewis McWillie, whom Fidel Castro had imprisoned. McWillie was also connected to leading mafia Godfathers Meyer Lansky and Santo Trafficante, Jr..
Public Assassination
Ruby (a.k.a. "Sparky") often carried a handgun and witnesses saw him with a handgun in the halls of the Dallas police department on several occasions after November 22, 1963. In addition, it is known for certain that Jack Ruby impersonated a reporter and was at the police station on the night of November 22, though the reason he did this is unknown. Ruby came to national attention when he murdered Lee Harvey Oswald on November 24, 1963 at 11:21 AM CST while Oswald was being transferred via car to a nearby jail.
Ruby later claimed he shot Oswald on the spur of the moment when the opportunity presented itself, even though, when Ruby was first arrested, he stated to several witnesses that killing Oswald would show the world that "Jews have guts" and Oswald's murder would spare Jacqueline Kennedy the ordeal of appearing at Oswald's court trial. Millions watched the assassination of Lee Harvey Oswald on television. It was the first time in television history that a murder was broadcast live. The gun used by Ruby was a Colt Cobra .38 Special revolver, serial number 2744 LW.
The route that Ruby took to get down into the basement of the Dallas jail has been disputed. Some routes would have suggested that Ruby had to have had help from authorities inside the building, though plenty of journalists entered the building that day without having their credentials checked. Ruby stated he entered the jail that day via the entrance ramp and a former policeman, Napoleon Daniels, stated he saw Ruby use the ramp.
In a later polygraph test he insisted on taking, one of several questions Ruby showed signs of lying about was when he answered "no" to whether he ever knew Oswald prior to the assassination. Several other witnesses have alleged that in fact Oswald and Ruby were acquainted prior to the assassination of President Kennedy.
Motivation
There has been debate about Ruby's motives. Some people believe that Ruby carried out mafia orders with a mafia "hit", and/or that he was part of the conspiracy to assassinate the president and so Ruby silenced Oswald to prevent Oswald from testifying. Much suspicion was aroused by the fact that he was able to freely enter a supposedly secure area, armed with a pistol. Other persons have suggested that Ruby was an unstable man and a Democrat who revered Kennedy and was seeking vengeance on his own. Shortly before his death (of lung cancer) in the prison, when a friend insisted that he should tell the truth before he dies, Jack Ruby said: "Listen, you know me well, and you know that I am a reasonable businessman. I wouldn't have done it if I did not have to".
Prosecution and Conviction
Prominent attorney Melvin Belli agreed to represent Ruby for free. Some observers thought that the case could have been disposed of as a "murder without malice" charge (roughly equivalent to manslaughter) with a maximum sentence of five years. Instead, Belli attempted to prove that Ruby was legally insane and had a history of mental illness in his family. On March 14, 1964, Ruby was convicted of "murder with malice" and later received a death sentence.
Ruby asked, verbally and in writing, several times over the 6 months following the Kennedy assassination to speak to the Warren Commission. Only after Ruby's sister wrote letters to the Warren Commission (and after her writing the letters to the commission became publicly reported) did the commission agree to talk to Ruby. In mid-1964 Earl Warren, Gerald R. Ford and others finally came to Dallas. While there, they met with Ruby. Ruby begged Warren several times to take him to Washington D.C. because he feared for his life, and that of his family members. Warren refused. Interestingly, the record of Jack Ruby's testimony shows Earl Warren claiming that the Commission would have no way of providing protection to him, at one point exclaiming that the Commission were not law enforcement. Researchers have wondered why Justice Warren would not have ordered that Ruby be taken into federal custody and sequestered in Washington, D.C. (away from Ruby's perceived dangers).
After Ruby's 1964 conviction for "murder with malice," in an appeal to the Texas Supreme Court, Ruby's lawyers argued that he could not have received a fair trial in the city of Dallas due to the excessive publicity surrounding the case. The appellate court agreed and ruled that his motion for a change of venue before the original trial court should have been granted, and so Ruby's conviction and death sentence was overturned. While awaiting a new trial, Ruby died of a pulmonary embolism in Parkland Hospital on January 3, 1967. Ruby died, legally, an innocent man while he was awaiting the new trial. He is buried in the Westlawn Cemetery in Chicago.
External links
- In Defense of Jack Ruby (http://www.jfk-online.com/rubydef.html)
- Jack Ruby: Dallas' Original J.R. (http://www.wfmu.org/LCD/20/ruby.html)
- Jack Ruby: A Shooting Star (http://www.goochinfo.homestead.com/ruby.html)
- Jack Ruby --Mobster, Intelligence Agent, or Small-time Hustler? (http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/ruby.htm)
- An article on his family background and childhood (http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/ruby1.htm)de:Jack Ruby