Israeli literature

Template:Israelis Israeli literature is the literature of the people or State of Israel.

It is mostly written in Hebrew and the history of Israeli literature is interesting because it is mostly the product of the revival of the Hebrew language as a spoken language in modern times.

Since the middle of the nineteenth century, the Hebrew language was increasingly used for speaking as well as writing modern forms of prose, poetry and drama.

Contents

1 History

2 The 1940s and 1950s

3 The 1960s

4 The 1980s and 1990s

4.1 About the Holocaust
4.2 New themes

5 Women authors

6 Detective fiction

7 The younger generation

8 Late 1990s

9 Authors of childrens' books

10 References

11 See also

History

The selection of authors mentioned here is according to the articles under References below. Quoted text is from the 2003 article except where indicated otherwise.

The first Modern Hebrew prose in the Land of Israel was written by "immigrant authors", for example:

Yosef Haim Brenner (he:יוסף חיים ברנר) "saw flaws everywhere"; "favored the rabbinical and medieval forms of spoken Hebrew". Lived 1881-1921.
Shmuel Yosef Agnon (he:שמואל יוסף עגנון) addressed "major contemporary spiritual concerns"; loss of tradition, faith, and identity; "inner uncertainties"; tragedy and the grotesque. Lived 1888-1970.

The 1940s and 1950s

During the 1940s and 1950s: "the War of Independence Generation". Native-born writers were conflicted "between individualism and commitment to society and state"; characterized by "social realism".

The 1960s

During the early 1960s: "Very influential" writers followed less "ideological patterns", and wrote more about the individual; "psychological realism, allegory and symbolism"; "speculation and skepticism regarding... conventions".

The 1980s and 1990s

During the 1980s and 1990s: "Intense literary activity", aimed at "enabling readers to understand themselves", characterized "three generations" of authors, including Oz, Yehoshua, Kaniuk, as well as:

About the Holocaust

The Holocaust was put in fresh perspective by Appelfeld and Grossman, as well as (among others):

New themes

New themes arose:

Anton Shammas (he:אנטון שמאס), "an Arab-Christian writer": "the Arab village"; however, popular Israeli Arab writers such as Emil Habibi (a recipient of the Israel Prize) continue to prefer writing in Arabic.
Yossl Birstein (he:יוסל בירשטיין): the ultra-Orthodox world
Haim Be`er (he:חיים באר): "Jerusalem's Hassidic courts"
Dov Elbaum, Michal Govrin: additional writers in the "religious dimension" (Furstenberg)
Yitzhak Orpaz-Auerbach (he:יצחק אוורבוך אורפז): the "unbeliever" when "fundamentalism is gaining"
Sami Michael (he:סמי מיכאל), Albert Suissa (he:אלברט סויסה), Dan Benaya Seri (he:דן בניה-סרי): "the place of... new immigrants from Arab countries"
Shimon Ballas (he:שמעון בלס), Eli Amir (he:אלי אמיר), Amnon Shamosh (he:אמנון שמוש), Yitzhak Gormezano-Goren: additional writers about the Sephardi experience
Yitzhak Ben-Ner (he:יצחק בן נר), as well as Kaniuk, Grossman, Oz: "universal themes such as democracy and righteousness" during "constant challenges"

Women authors

Women authors became more prominent on "general topics", as well as women's role within "Jewish tradition and... in the Zionist enterprise":

Detective fiction

Some of the above women (Lapid and Gur) began writing detective fiction, as well as the following men and women:

Michael Barak, pen name of Michael Bar Zohar, writing Hebrew detective fiction at least as early as 1972
Amnon Dankner (he:אמנון דנקנר)
Ram Oren (he:רם אורן)
Amnon Jacont (he:אמנון ז'קונט)
Adiva Geffen

The younger generation

A "younger generation" of authors that is "more universalistic", "alienated, surreal and idiosyncratic":

Judith Katzir (he:יהודית קציר)
Etgar Keret (he:אתגר קרת): mostly short stories
Orly Castel-Bloom (he:אורלי קסטל בלום): mostly short stories
Gadi Taub (he:גדי טאוב)
Irit Linoor (he:עירית לינור): popular fiction, humorous romance and suspense
Mira Magen (he:מירה מגן): experiences of ultra-orthodox women
Shimon Zimmer
Lily Perry (he:לילי פרי)
Yitzhak Laor (he:יצחק לאור)

Some postmodernist writers:

Late 1990s

A new front of young authors active in the late 1990's and new millennium (see also [1] (http://www.haaretz.co.il/hasite/pages/ShArtPE.jhtml?itemNo=436982&contrassID=2))

Dorit Rabinyan (he:דורית רבינין)
Yael Hadaya (he:יעל הדיה)
Alon Hilu
Dudu Bossi
Eshkol Nevo
Moshe Ophir
Efrat Danon
Alex Epstein (postmodern)
Maya Arad (novel in rhyme)
Shimon Adaf (poetry and a detective novel)
Yuval Shimoni
Avner Shavit

Authors of childrens' books

Writing for children:

Uri Orlev (he:אורי אורלב)
Yehuda Atlas (he:יהודה אטלס): set a trend of writing short poems from a child's perspective
Ephraim Sidon: satirical writer, often writing for adults under the guise of children's books
Nira Harel
Tamar Bergman
Gila Almagor (he:גילה אלמגור): mostly autobiographical novels
Daniella Carmi
Dorit Orgad: prolific writer for pre-teens and young adults
Michal Snunit: short illustrated books, allegories on spirituality and emotion, popular as gift books for adults
Alona Frankel: "Once Upon a Potty"
Galila Ron-Feder Amit: prolific writer for pre-teens and young adults
Smadar Shir: prolific writer for pre-teens and young adults

References

Furstenberg, Rochelle. "The State of the Arts: Israeli Literature." Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 1998. [2] (http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAArchive/2000_2009/2000/2/Israeli%20Literature%201995-1998),
Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs, "CULTURE- Literature", 2003. [3] (http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Facts%20About%20Israel/Culture/CULTURE-%20Literature)
Weill, Asher. "Culture in Israel- On the Cusp of the Millennium." Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 2000. [4] (http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAArchive/2000_2009/2000/6/Culture%20in%20Israel-%20On%20the%20Cusp%20of%20the%20Millennium).