Interstellar medium
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In astronomy, the interstellar medium (or ISM) is the matter and energy content that exists between the stars (or their immediate circumstellar environment) within a galaxy. The ISM plays a crucial role in astrophysics precisely because of its intermediate role between stellar and galactic scales. Stars themselves form within cold regions of the ISM, and replenish the ISM with matter and energy through stellar winds and supernovae. In turn, this interplay between stars and the ISM sets the rate at which a galaxy depletes its gaseous content and therefore determines its lifespan of active star formation.
The ISM consists of an extremely dilute (by terrestrial standards) plasma, consisting of a mixture of atoms, molecules, dust, electromagnetic radiation, cosmic rays, and the magnetic field. The matter normally consists of about 99% gas particles and usually 1% dust. It fills interstellar space. This mixture is usually extremely tenuous, with typical gas densities ranging from a few single to a few hundred particles per cubic centimeter. As a result of primordial nucleosynthesis, the gas is roughly 90% hydrogen and 10% helium, with additional elements ("metals" in astronomical parlance) present in trace amounts.
The medium is also responsible for cosmic extinction, namely the decreasing light intensity of a star as the light travels through the medium. This extinction is caused by refraction and absorption of photons in certain wavelengths.
For example, a typical absorption wavelength of atomic hydrogen lies at about 121.5 nanometers, the Lyman-alpha transition. Therefore, it is nearly impossible to see light emitted at that wavelength from a star, because most of it is absorbed during the trip to Earth by Lyman-alpha absorption.
The interstellar medium is usually divided into three phases, depending on the temperature of the gas: hot (millions of kelvins), warm (thousands of kelvins), and cold (tens of kelvins). This "three-phase" model of the ISM was initially developed by McKee and Ostriker in a 1977 paper, which has formed the basis for further study over the past quarter-century. The relative proportions of the phases are still a matter of considerable contention in scientific circles.
Features prominent in the study of the interstellar medium include molecular clouds, interstellar clouds, supernova remnants, planetary nebulae, and similar diffuse structures.
See also
- Diffuse interstellar band
- Heliosphere
- Intergalactic space
- List of molecules in interstellar space
- Outer space
- Solar space/Solar system/Stellar system
- Timeline of knowledge about the interstellar and intergalactic mediumfr:Milieu interstellaire
id:Perantara antarbintang it:Mezzo interstellare pl:Materia_miÄ™dzygwiazdowa de:Interstellare Materie fi:Tähtienvälinen aine ja:星間物質