Hovercraft
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A hovercraft is a vehicle that is supported on a cushion of air. They are able to traverse many different types of terrain on land and can also travel on water. Hovercraft are often referred to as Air-Cushion Vehicles.
The first recorded design for a vehicle which could be termed a Hovercraft was in 1716 by Emanuel Swedenborg, a Swedish designer, philosopher and theologian. His man-powered air cushion platform resembled an upside-down boat with a cockpit in the center and manually operated oar-like scoops to push air under the vehicle on each downward stroke. No vehicle was ever built, no doubt because it was realised that human effort could not have generated enough lift.
In the mid-1870s, the British engineer Sir John Thornycroft built a number of ground effect machine test models based on his idea of using air between the hull of a boat and the water to reduce drag. Although he filed a number of patents involving air-lubricated hulls in 1877, no practical applications were found.
Over the years, various other people tried various method of using air to reduce the drag on ships, but it was not until 1952 that the British inventor Christopher Cockerell, came up with a practical vehicle. He was knighted for his services to engineering in 1969.
By simple experiments involving a vacuum cleaner motor and two cylindrical cans he proved the workable principle of a vehicle suspended on a cushion of air blown out under pressure, making the vehicle easily mobile over most surfaces. His significant advance was developing a peripheral jet system to retain the air cushion under the vehicle. The supporting air cushion would enable it to operate over soft mud, water, and marshes and swamps as well as on firm ground.
The British aircraft manufacturer Saunders Roe developed the first practical man-carrying hovercraft, the SR-N1, which carried out several test programmes in 1959 to 1961 (the first public demonstration in 1959), including a cross-channel run. It was found that the craft's lift was improved by the addition of a 'skirt' of flexible fabric or rubber around the hovering surface, to contain the air.
The SR-N1 was powered by one (piston) engine, driven by expelled air, and could carry little more than its own weight and two men. The first true passenger-carrying hovercraft was the Vickers VA-3, which in the summer of 1961 carried passengers regularly along the North Wales Coast from Wallasey to Rhyl. It was powered by two turboprop aero-engines and driven by propellers. During the 1960s Saunders Roe developed several larger designs which could carry passengers, including the SR-N2, which operated across the Solent in 1962 and later the SR-N6, which operated across the Solent from Southsea to Ryde on the Isle of Wight for many years. Operations commenced on 24th July 1965 using the SR-N6 which carried just 38 passengers. Two modern 98 seat AP1-88 hovercraft now ply this route, and over 20 million passengers have used the service as of 2004.
As well as Saunders Roe and Vickers (which combined in 1966 to form the British Hovercraft Corporation), other commercial craft were developed during the 1960s in the UK by Cushioncraft (part of the Britten-Norman Group) and Hovermarine (the latter being 'sidewall' type hovercraft, where the sides of the hull projected down into the water to trap the cushion of air).
In the late 1960s and early 1970s, Jean Bertin developped a hovercraft train dubbed the Aérotrain. His I-80 prototype established the world speed record for overland air cushion vehicle with a mean speed of 417.6 km/h and a peak speed of 430 km/h.
By 1970 the largest British hovercraft were in service, the 'Mountbatten class' SR-N4, regularly carrying cars and passengers across the English Channel from Dover to Calais. This service ceased in 2002 when the Channel tunnel took over the fast transit of cross-channel traffic.
The commercial success of hovercrafts suffered from rapid rises in fuel prices during the late 1960s and 1970s following conflict in the Middle East. Alternative over-water vehicles such as wave piercing catamarans (marketed as the Seacat in Britain) use less fuel and can perform most of the hovercraft's marine tasks. Although developed elsewhere in the world for both civil and military purposes, except for the Solent crossing hovercraft disappeared from the coastline of Britain until a range of Griffon Hovercraft were bought by the Royal National Lifeboat Institution.
There are an increasing number of small homebuilt and kit-built hovercrafts used for fun and racing purposes, mainly on inland lakes and rivers but also in marshy areas and in some estuaries.
Hovercraft typically have two (or more) separate engines (some craft, such as the SR-N6, have one engine with a drive split through a gearbox). One engine drives the fan (aka the impeller) which is responsible for lifting the vehicle by forcing air under the craft. One or more additional engines are used to provide thrust in order to propel the craft in the desired direction.
See also:
Related topics
External links
- The Hovercraft Museum: http://www.hovercraft-museum.org/
- Hovercrafters - A Hovercraft Construction Journal : http://www.hovercrafters.com
- Hovercraft Driving Tips (http://www.asv-aust.com/products/tips.htm)
- English hovercraft of the 1960s http://members.lycos.co.uk/bartieshover/de:Luftkissenfahrzeug
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