Saartje Baartman
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Saartjie Baartman (1789-1815) was the most famous of at least two Khoikhoi women who were exhibited as sideshow attractions in 19th century Europe under the name Hottentot Venus.
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Saartjie Baartman was born to a Khoisan family in the vicinity of the Gamtoos River in what is now the Eastern Cape of South Africa. This is the Afrikaans form of her name; her original name is unknown. "Saartjie," pronounced Sar-key, translates as "Little Sarah".
Baartman was a servant of Dutch farmers near Cape Town when Hendrick Cezar, the brother of Baartman's employer, suggested that she travel to England for exhibition, promising her that she would become wealthy. Lord Caledon, governor of the Cape, gave permission for the trip, but later regretted it after he gained a complete understanding of its purpose. She left for London in 1810.
She travelled around England showing what Europeans considered her "unusual" bodily features, thought to be typical of Hottentots. She had very large buttocks, steatopygia, which was considered both strange and titillating. Her exhibitors permitted visitors to touch her buttocks for extra payment. In addition, she had a sinus pudoris, otherwise known as the "tablier," "curtain of shame," or apron, a reference to the elongated labia of some Khoisan. To quote Stephen Jay Gould, "The labia minora, or inner lips, of the ordinary female genitalia are greatly enlarged in Khoi-San women, and may hang down three or four inches below the vagina when women stand, thus giving the impression of a separate and enveloping curtain of skin." (Gould, 1985) Saartje never allowed this latter trait to be exhibited while she was alive.
Her exhibition in London created a scandal and a benevolent society called the African Association petitioned for her release. Baartman was questioned in Dutch before a court and stated that she was not under restraint and understood perfectly that she was guaranteed half of the profits. She later traveled to Paris where an animal trainer exhibited her for fifteen months. French anatomist Georges Cuvier and French naturalists visited her and she was the subject of several scientific paintings at the Jardin du Roi.
Baartman died December 29, 1815 of an inflammatory ailment. An autopsy was conducted and the findings published by Henri de Blainville in 1816 and by Cuvier in the Memoires du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle in 1817. Cuvier notes in his monograph that Baartman was an intelligent woman who had an excellent memory and spoke Dutch fluently. Her skeleton, preserved genitals and brain were placed on display in Paris Musee de l'Homme until 1985.
There were sporadic calls for the return of her remains beginning in the 1940s but the case became prominent only after US biologist Stephen Jay Gould published an account The Hottentot Venus in the 1980s. When Nelson Mandela became president of South Africa in 1994, he formally requested that France return the remains. After much legal wrangling and debates in the French National Assembly, France acceded to the request on 6 March 2002.
Baartman's remains were returned to her land of birth, the Gamtoos Valley on 3 May 2002.
References
Gilman, Sander L. (1985). "Black Bodies, White Bodies: Toward an Iconography of Female Sexuality in Late Nineteenth-Century Art, Medicine, and Literature". In Gates, Henry (Ed.) Race, Writing and Difference 223-261. Chicago, University of Chicago Press.
Gould, Stephen Jay (1985). "The Hottentot Venus". In The Flamingo's Smile, 291-305. New York, W.W. Norton and Company.
External links
- A French print (http://www.english.emory.edu/Bahri/Hott.html)
{{lived|b=1789|d=1815|key=Baartman, Saartje]]pt:Saartje Baartman