Homo sacer
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Homo sacer is an obscure figure of Roman law. A person who is banned may be killed by anybody, but may not be sacrificed in a religious ritual. The person is excluded from all civil rights, while his/her life is deemed "holy" in a negative sense.
Italian philosopher Giorgio Agamben brought attention to this figure of law in his 1998 book Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life.