Cardiac surgery
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Cardiac surgery is surgery on the heart, typically to correct congenital heart disease or the complications of ischemic heart disease or valve problems created by various causes including endocarditis.
The earliest operations that might be considered cardiac surgery were limited to the pericardium, and were pioneered by, among others, Francisco Romero[1] (http://ats.ctsnetjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/64/3/870), Dominique Jean Larrey, Henry Dalton, and Daniel Hale Williams. The first successful surgery on the heart itself, performed without any complications, was by Dr. Ludwig Rehn of Frankfurt, Germany, who repaired a stab wound to the right ventricle on September 7, 1896.
It was soon discovered that the repair of intracardiac pathologies necessitated a bloodless and motionless environment, which means that the heart should be stopped and by-passed by use of an extracorporeal circulation technique, hence the term of cardiopulmonary bypass. The first successful intracardiac correction of a congenital heart defect using hypothermia was performed by Dr. F. John Lewis and Dr. C. Walton Lillehei at the University of Minnesota on September 2, 1952. Dr. J.H.Gibbon at Jefferson Medical School in Philadelphia reported in 1953 the first successful use of extracorporeal circulation by means of a pump-oxygenator, but he abandoned the method, disappointed by subsequent failures. In 1954 Dr. Lillehei realized a successful series of operations with the controlled cross-circulation technique in which the patient's mother or father was used as a 'heart-lung machine'. Dr. John W. Kirklin at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota started using a Gibbon type pump-oxygenator in a series of successful operations, and was soon followed by surgeons in various parts of the world.
External Links
Congenital Heart Disease Surgical Corrective Procedures (http://www.learningradiology.com/notes/cardiacnotes/surgicalcorrectivepage.htm) - A list from surgical procedures from LearningRadiology.com (http://www.learningradiology.com/index.htm)
More information about Daniel Hale Williams at Princeton.edu[2] (http://www.princeton.edu/~mcbrown/display/williams.html:)Template:Treatment-stub