Direct product

In mathematics, one can often define a direct product of objects already known, giving a new one. Examples are the product of groups (described below), the product of rings and of other algebraic structures. The product of topological spaces is another instance.

Contents

1 Group direct product 2 Vector space direct product 3 Topological space direct product 4 Categorical product 5 Related topics 6 References

Group direct product

In group theory one defines the direct product of two groups (G, *) and (H, o), denoted by G×H, as follows:

• as set of the elements of the new group, take the cartesian product of the sets of elements of G and H, that is {(g, h): g in G, h in H};
• on these elements put an operation, defined elementwise:
  (g, h) × (g' , h' ) = (g * g' , h o h' )

(Note the operation * may be the same as o.)

This construction gives a new group. It has a normal subgroup isomorphic to G (given by the elements of the form (g, 1)), and one isomorphic to H (comprising the elements (1, h)).

The reverse also holds, there is the following recognition theorem: If a group K contains two normal subgroups G and H, such that K= GH and the intersection of G and H contains only the identity, then K = G x H. A relaxation of these conditions gives the semidirect product.

As an example, take as G and H two copies of the unique (up to isomorphisms) group of order 2, C₂: say {1, a} and {1, b}. Then C₂×C₂ = {(1,1), (1,b), (a,1), (a,b)}, with the operation element by element. For instance, (1,b)*(a,1) = (1*a, b*1) = (a,b), and (1,b)*(1,b) = (1,b²) = (1,1).

With a direct product, we get some natural group homomorphisms for free: the projection maps

<math>\pi_1 \colon G \times H \to G\quad \mathrm{by} \quad \pi_1(g, h) = g<math>,

<math>\pi_2 \colon G \times H \to H\quad \mathrm{by} \quad \pi_2(g, h) = h<math>

called the coordinate functions.

Also, every homomorphism f on the direct product is totally determined by its component functions <math>f_i = \pi_i \circ f<math>.

Vector space direct product

The direct product for vector spaces (not to be confused with the tensor product) is very similar to the one defined for groups above, using the cartesian product with the operation of addition being componentwise, and the scalar multiplication just distributing over all the components (an easy generalization of how it is defined for Rⁿ).

Note that a direct product for a finite index <math>\prod_{i=1}^n X_i <math> is identical to the direct sum <math>\bigoplus_{i=1}^n X_i <math>. The direct sum and direct product differ only for infinite indices, where the elements of a direct sum are zero for all but for a finite number of entries.

Topological space direct product

The direct product for a collection of topological spaces X_i for i in I, some index set, once again makes use of the cartesian product

<math>\prod_{i \in I} X_i <math>

Defining the topology is a little tricky. For finitely many factors, this is the obvious and natural thing to do: simply take as a basis of open sets to be the collection of all cartesian products of open subsets from each factor:

<math>\mathcal B = \{ U_1 \times \cdots \times U_n\ |\ U_i\ \mathrm{open\ in}\ X_i \}<math>

This topology is called the product topology. For example, directly defining the product topology on R² by the open sets of R (disjoint unions of open intervals), the basis for this topology would consist of all disjoint unions of open rectangles in the plane (as it turns out, it coincides with the usual metric topology).

The product topology for infinite products has a twist, and this has to do with being able to make all the projection maps continuous and to make all functions into the product continuous if and only if all its component functions are continuous (i.e. to satisfy the categorical definition of product: the morphisms here are continuous functions): we take as a basis of open sets to be the collection of all cartesian products of open subsets from each factor, as before, with the proviso that all but finitely many factors are the entire space:

<math>\mathcal B = \left\{ \prod_{i \in I} U_i\ |\ (\exists j_1,\ldots,j_n)(U_{j_i}\ \mathrm{open\ in}\ X_{j_i})\ \mathrm{and}\ (\forall i \neq j_1,\ldots,j_n)(U_i = X_i) \right\}<math>

(Not a very pretty sight!). The more natural-sounding topology would be, in this case, to take products of infinitely many open subsets as before, and this does yield a somewhat interesting topology, the box topology. However it is not too difficult to find an example of bunch of continuous component functions whose product function is not continuous (see the separate entry box topology for an example and more). The problem which makes the twist necessary is ultimately rooted in the fact that the intersection of open sets is only guaranteed to be open for finitely many sets in the definition of topology.

Products (with the product topology) are nice with respect to preserving properties of their factors; for example, the product of Hausdorff spaces is Hausdorff; the product of connected spaces is connected, and the product of compact spaces is compact. That last one, called Tychonoff's theorem, is yet another equivalence to the axiom of choice.

For more properties and equivalent formulations, see the separate entry product topology.

Categorical product

Main article: Product (category theory)

The direct product can be abstracted to an arbitrary category. In a general category, given a collection of objects A_i and a collection of morphisms p_i from A to A_i with i ranging in some index set I, an object A is said to be a categorical product in the category if, for any object B and any collection of morphisms f_i from B to A_i, there exists a unique morphism f from B to A such that f_i = p_i f and this object A is unique. This not only works for two factors, but arbitrarily (possibly infinitely) many.

For groups we similarly define the direct product of a more general, arbitrary collection of groups G_i for i in I, I an index set. Denoting the cartesian product of the groups by G we define multiplication on G with the operation of componentwise multiplication; and corresponding to the p_i in the definition above are the projection maps

<math>\pi_i \colon G \to G_i\quad \mathrm{by} \quad \pi_i(g) = g_i<math>,

the functions that take g to its ith component (g_i).

Related topics

• Direct sum
• Cartesian product
• Coproduct
• Free product

References

• Lang, S. Algebra. New York: Springer-Verlag, 2002.fr:Produit direct

de:Direktes Produkt