Dalai Lama

This article describes the office of Dalai Lama.

For the 14^th and current holder of the office (born 1935), see Tenzin Gyatso.

For the song, see Dalai Lama (song).

In Tibetan Buddhism, the Dalai Lamas are a sequence of leaders, since 1391, from the Gelug (dge lugs) school. Between the 17th century and 1959, each Dalai Lama was the most powerful political leader in Tibet, controlling a large portion of the country from their capital at Lhasa. The current 14th Dalai Lama is also a respected Tibetan Buddhist religious leader, and figure head of the Tibetan independence movement; in English, his followers and many others use "His Holiness" (or HH) as a prefix in his title. The Dalai Lamas, however, never had authority over every region of Tibet nor over the other sects of Tibetan Buddhism.

The Panchen Lama is second in religious stature within the Gelug sect to the Dalai Lama. The Dalai Lama is often thought to be the head of the Gelug, but this position officially belongs to the Ganden Tripa (dga' ldan khri pa) (Holder of the Throne of Ganden [dga' ldan], the first monastery established by Je Tsongkhapa (Btsong-ka-pa), founder of the Gelug).

After the Gelugpa (dge lugs pa) united Tibet by force, the 5^th Dalai Lama was appointed by the Yongzheng Emperor of China as the legal ruler of Tibet and its Head of State. The Dalai Lamas continued to rule in Tibet until the People's Republic of China took direct control of the region in 1959. The 14^th Dalai Lama then fled to India and has since maintained a government in exile. See History of Tibet for further discussion.

Dalai means "Ocean" in Mongolian, and "Lama" (bla ma) is Tibetan translation equivalent for the Sanskrit word "guru". The title refers to the extent of the lama's presumed wisdom; it was first bestowed by the Mongolian ruler Altan Khan upon the 3rd Dalai Lama and is now applied to every "incarnation" in the lineage. The Dalai Lamas are believed to be manifestations of Avalokiteśvara, the Bodhisattva of Compassion, whose name is Chenrezig (spyan ras gzigs) in Tibetan.

The Tibetans call the Dalai Lama Gyawa Rinpoche (rgya ba rin po che) meaning 'precious victor', or Yeshe Norbu (ye shes nor bu) meaning 'wisdom jewel'.

Upon the death of the Dalai Lama, his monks institute a search for the Lama's reincarnation, or tulku (sprul sku), a small child. Familiarity with the possessions of the previous Dalai Lama is considered the main sign of the reincarnation. The search for the reincarnation typically requires a few years which results in a gap in the list of the Dalai Lamas. The reincarnation is then brought to Lhasa to be trained by the other Lamas.

Despite its officially secular stance, the government of the People's Republic of China has claimed the power to approve the naming of high reincarnations in Tibet. This decision was based upon a precedent set by the Qianlong (Chinese: 乾隆) emperor of the Qing Dynasty, who instituted a system of selecting the Panchen Lama by means of a lottery which utilised a golden urn with names wrapped in barley balls. Recently, this precedent was called upon to name the Panchen Lama, who is empowered to recognize the new Dalai Lama. There is some speculation that with the death of the current Dalai Lama, the PRC will direct the selection of a successor. The current Dalai Lama has repeatedly stated that he will never be reborn inside territory controlled by the People's Republic of China [1] (http://www.tibet.com/DL/next-reincarnation.html), and has occasionally suggested that he might choose to be the last Dalai Lama by not being reborn at all.

As the most powerful figure in the Gelug (dge lugs) tradition of Tibetan Buddhism, the Dalai Lama has received the highest teachings and empowerments of all the main schools of Tibetan Buddhism. He also presents core teachings from all of these main schools.

Starting with the 5th Dalai Lama, until the 14th Dalai Lama's exile in 1959, the Dalai Lamas resided in Lhasa in the Potala Palace during winter and in the Norbulingka residence during summer. Since 1959, the Dalai Lama has resided in Dharamsala in Northern India, and the Tibetan Government in Exile has its headquarters there.

List of Dalai Lamas

1. Gedun Drub, (dge 'dun 'grub)1391-1474
2. Gendun Gyatso, (dge 'dun rgya mtsho) 1475-1541
3. Sonam Gyatso, (bsod nams rgya mtsho) 1543-1588
4. Yonten Gyatso, (yon tan rgya mtsho) 1589-1616
5. Lozang Gyatso, (blo bzang rgya mtsho) 1617-1682
6. Tsangyang Gyatso, (tshang dbyangs rgya mtsho) 1683-1706
7. Kelzang Gyatso (Kezang Gyatso), (bskal bzang rgya mtsho) 1708-1757
8. Jamphel Gyatso, (byams spel rgya mtsho)1758-1804
9. Lungtok Gyatso, 1806-1815
10. Tsultrim Gyatso, (tshul khrim rgya mtsho) 1816-1837
11. Khendrup Gyatso, 1838-1856
12. Trinley Gyatso, (sprin las rgya mtsho) 1856-1875
13. Thubten Gyatso, 1876-1933
14. Tenzin Gyatso, (brtan 'dzin rgya mtsho) 1935 - present

See also

• History of Tibet

External links

• The 13 Previous Dalai Lamas (http://news.mpr.org/features/200105/07_newsroom_dalai/bios.shtml)
• Reader's Digest interview (http://www.readersdigest.co.uk/magazine/dalai.htm)
• The Shadow of the Dalai Lama (http://www.trimondi.de/SDLE/)
• Bruderhof Peacemakers Guide profile on the Dalai Lama (http://www.peacemakersguide.org/peace/Peacemakers/Dalai-Lama.htm)
• Dalai Lama Pictures and selected quotes (http://www.onelittleangel.com/wisdom/quotes/dalai_lama.asp)
• The Dalai Lama : A Life Less Ordinary (http://www.independent-media.tv/item.cfm?fmedia_id=7628&fcategory_desc=Philosophy)
• The Dalai Lama and the Tibet Myth (http://www.dissidentvoice.org/Articles9/Parenti_Tibet.htm)da:Dalai Lama

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