Cantor's first uncountability proof
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Contrary to what most mathematicians believe, Georg Cantor's first proof that the set of all real numbers is uncountable was not his famous diagonal argument, and did not mention decimal expansions or any other numeral system. The theorem and proof below were found by Cantor in December 1873, and published in 1874 in Crelle's Journal, more formally known as Journal für die Reine und Angewandte Mathematik (German for Journal for Pure and Applied Mathematics). Cantor discovered the diagonal argument in 1877.
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1 Real algebraic numbers and real transcendental numbers |
The theorem
Suppose a set R is
- linearly ordered, and
- densely ordered, i.e., between any two members there is another, and
- has no "endpoints", i.e., smallest or largest members, and
- has no gaps, i.e., if it is partitioned into two nonempty sets A and B in such a way that every member of A is less than every member of B, then there is a boundary point c (in R), so that every point less than c is in A and every point greater than c is in B.
Then R is not countable.
The set of real numbers with its usual ordering is a typical example of such an ordered set; in this setting the 'gaplessness' property is known as completeness. The set of rational numbers (which is countable) does not have this property.
The proof
The proof begins by assuming some sequence x1, x2, x3, ... has all of R as its range. Define two other sequences as follows:
- a1 = x1.
- b1 = xi, where i is the smallest index such that xi is not equal to a1.
- an+1 = xi, where i is the smallest index greater than the one considered in the previous step such that xi is between an and bn.
- bn+1 = xi, where i is the smallest index greater than the one considered in the previous step such that xi is between an+1 and bn.
The two monotone sequences a and b move toward each other. By the "gaplessness" of R, some point c must lie between them. The claim is that c cannot be in the range of the sequence x, and that is the contradiction. If c were in the range, then we would have c = xi for some index i. But then, when that index was reached in the process of defining a and b, then c would have been added as the next member of one or the other of those two sequences, contrary to the assumption that it lies between their ranges.
Real algebraic numbers and real transcendental numbers
In the same paper, published in 1874, Cantor showed that the set of all real algebraic numbers is countable, and inferred the existence of transcendental numbers as a corollary. That corollary had earlier been proved by quite different methods by Joseph Liouville.
See also
Reference
- Georg Cantor, 1874, "Über eine Eigenschaft des Inbegriffes aller reelen algebraischen Zahlen", Journal für die Reine und Angewandte Mathematik, volume 77, pages 258-262.de:Cantors erster Überabzählbarkeitsbeweis