Brahman
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Here the underlined vowels carry the Vedic Sanskrit udātta pitch accent. It is usual to use an acute accent symbol for this purpose.
Brahman or brahman, and similar words, have various meanings, mostly related to Hinduism.
These words come from a Sanskrit root brh = "swell", cognate to English "bulge". Some, including Georges Dumézil, say that the Latin word flāmen (= "priest") may be cognate to brahman.
In Vedic Sanskrit:-
- brahma (nominative singular), brahman (stem) (neuter gender) means "growth", "development", "swelling"; and then "pious utterance", "worship", perhaps via the idea of saying during prayers and ceremonies that God or the gods are great.
- brahmā (nom.sg.), brahman (stem) (masculine gender) means "priest".
- brāhmana (which literally means "pertaining to prayer") meant a particular part of the Vedas.
In later Sanskrit usage:-
- brahma (nominative singular), brahman (stem) (neuter gender) means the concept of transcendent reality in Hinduism; this is discussed here below. It is called "the Brahman" in English.
- Brahmā (nom.sg.), Brahman (stem) (masculine gender) means the god Brahma.
- brāhmana means one of the Hindu priestly caste; in this usage the word is usually rendered in English as "Brahmin".
Brahm is sometimes found as a variant form of Brahma or Brahman.
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The Brahman
In the Vedantic (and subsequently Yogic) schools of Hinduism, Brahman is the signifying name given to the concept of the unchanging, infinite, immanent and transcendent reality that is the Divine Ground of all being. It is regarded as the source and sum of the cosmos, that constricted by time, space, and causation, as pure being, the "world soul." Thus, it was deemed a singular substrate from which all that is arises, and debuts with this verse:
Great indeed are the Gods who have sprung out of Brahman. Atharva Veda
However, as the centuries passed and the first Upanishads (the primary Vedantic scriptures that putatively serve as commentaries on the original liturgical books of the Vedas) were written, the concept of Brahman fittingly grew in scope and complexity. Soon, the ancient writers of the Upanishads, around the 1st millennium BCE, insisted that brahman, in addition to being material, efficient, formal and final causes of the cosmos, was also utterly beyond all four senses of origin. Essentially, it is also beyond being and non-being alike, and thus does not quite fit with the usual connotations of the word God and even the concept of monism. It is said that brahman cannot be known, that we cannot be made conscious of it, because brahman is our very consciousness. Brahman is also not restricted to the usual dimensional perspectives of being, and thus enlightenment, moksha, yoga, samadhi, nirvana, etc. in the Hindu perspective is not merely coming to know brahman, but to realise one's 'brahman-hood', to actually realise that one is and always was brahman. Indeed, closely related to the Self concept of brahman is the idea that it is synonymous with jiva-atma, or individual souls, our atman (or soul) being readily identifiable with the greater soul of Brahman.
Connected with the ritual of pre-Vedantic Hinduism, brahman signified the power to grow, the expansive and self-altering process of ritual and sacrifice, often visually realised in the sputtering of flames as they received the all important ghee (clarified butter) and rose in concert with the mantras of the Vedas. Brahmin came to refer to the highest of the four castes, the Brahmins, who by virtue of their purity and priesthood are held to have such powers.
Brahman and Atman
Philosopher mystics of the Upanishads identify Brahman, the world soul, with atman, the inner essence of the human being, or the human soul. In the Hindu pantheon, Brahman should not be confused with the first of the Hindu Trimurti (= trinity) of Brahma (the Creator), Vishnu (the Preserver) and Shiva (the Destroyer). Brahma is, like the other gods, Ishwar, or manifested Brahman, fundamentally ego-conscious, whereas Brahman is without ego, without existence and beyond. Ishwar is also known as Saguna Brahman, or God with personal attributes.
The Ultimate Truth is expressed as Nirguna Brahman, or God without form, or God without personal attributes. All personal forms of God such as Vishnu or Shiva are different aspects of God in personal form or God with attributes, Saguna Brahman. God's energy is personified as Devi, the Divine Mother. For Vaishnavites who follow Ramunjacharaya's philosophy, Devi is Lakshmi, who is the Mother of all and who pleads with Vishnu for mankind who is entrenched in sin. For Shaivites, Devi is Parvati. For Shaktas, who worship Devi, Devi is the personal form of God to attain the impersonal Absolute, God. For them, Shiva is personified as God without attributes.
- External link: Hinduism Today article (http://www.hinduism-today.com/archives/2003/10-12/44-49_four_sects.shtml)
In the Advaita school, the mystic phrase that is seen to be the only possible (and still thoroughly inadequate) description of Brahman that humans, with limited minds and being, can entertain is the [{Sanskrit] word Sacchidānanda, which is combined from sat-chit-ānanda, meaning "truth - knowledge - bliss".
Enlightenment and Brahman
While Brahman lies behind the sum total of the objective universe, some human minds boggle at any attempt to explain it with only the tools provided by reason. Brahman is beyond the senses, beyond the mind, beyond intelligence, beyond imagination. Indeed, the highest idea is that Brahman is beyond both existence and non-existence, transcending and including time, causation and space, and thus cannot ever be known in the same sense as one traditionally 'understands' a given concept or object.
Hindus also regard Brahman as the all pervading consciousness which is believed to be the basis of all the animate and inanimate entities and material. It is believed that the universe is not just conscious, but that universe is consciousness, and this consciousness is Brahman. Hindus believe that human consciousness has forgotten its identity, that of Brahman, as if a drop of water from a vast ocean thought itself separate, and that the only path to merge back into that Brahman or supreme consciousness is through the paths of devotion, moral living, and/or meditation, often expressed in various systems of Hindu spiritual practices known as yogas.
If one seeks Brahman, Atman seeks truth and accepts it no matter what it is. Atman accepts all truths of the self/ego, and thus is able to accept the fact that it is not separate from its surroundings. Then Atman is permanently absorbed into Brahman. This is how one forever escapes rebirth.
External links
AbstractAtom.com: (http://abstractatom.com) Information on the philosophy of Brahman
Meanings outside Hinduism
- Brahman or Brahminy cattle are a breed of cattle descended from the Bos indicus.
- Brahma (beer) is a Brazilian brand of beer.
- Brahm or Brahms used as a man's surname of European origin, is of German origin, and originated as a short form of "Abraham's son".
See also
- Atman
- Mysticism
- Hinduism
- Vedanta
- Varnas
- Caste
- Kshatriya
- Vaishya
- Shudra
- Untouchability
- Aryan invasion theory
fr:Brahmane io:Brahman he:ברהמן ja:ブラフマン pl:Brahman ru:Брахман de:Brahman (Philosophie)