Baron d'Holbach

Paul Henry Thiry, baron d'Holbach (1723 ¹ - 1789 ²) was an homme de lettres, philosophe and encyclopédiste. He was born Paul Heinrich Dietrich in Edesheim, Germany.

D'Holbach's mother (née Holbach) was the daughter of the Prince-Bishop's tax collector. His father, Johann Jakob Thiry, was a wine-grower. The young Paul Henry's studies were financed by his uncle, Franz Adam Holbach, who had become a millionaire by speculating on the Paris stock-exchange. After inheriting two large fortunes the still young d'Holbach became very wealthy and would remain so for life.

D'Holbach had one of the more notable salons in Paris. It was one of the most important meetingplaces for contributors to the Encyclopédie. Meetings were held regularly twice a week from approximately 1750 - 1780. The tone of discussion among the visitors was highly civilized and it covered more diverse topics than that of other salons. This, along with other features including excellent food, expensive wine, and a library of over 3000 volumes, attracted many notable visitors. Among the regulars in attendance at the salon were: Diderot, Grimm, Jean-François Marmontel, D'Alembert, Helvétius, Ferdinando Galiani, and André Morellet. The salon was also well-frequented by British intellectuals: Adam Smith, David Hume, Horace Walpole, Edward Gibbon, amongst others.

For the Encyclopédie he authored and translated a large number of articles on topics such as politics, religion, chemistry and mineralogy. The translations he contributed were chiefly from German sources. He was better known, however, for his philosophical writings. These writings expressed a materialistic and atheistic position. His work is today categorised into the philosophical movement called "French materialism".

In 1767 Christianity unveiled (Christianisme dévoilé) appeared, in which he attacked Christianity and religion as counter to the moral advancement of humanity.

This was followed up by other works, and in 1770 by a still more open attack in his most famous book, The System of Nature (Le Système de la nature).

Denying the existence of a deity, and refusing to admit as evidence all a priori arguments, d'Holbach saw in the universe nothing save matter in motion. The foundation of morality is happiness: "It would be useless and almost unjust to insist upon a man's being virtuous if he cannot be so without being unhappy. So long as vice renders him happy, he should love vice." This theory of morality can be seen as a precursor to utilitarianism.

Le Système de la nature presented a core of radical ideas which many contemporaries found disturbing, thus prompting a strong reaction. The Catholic Church in France threatened the crown with a withdrawal of financial support unless it effectively suppressed the circulation of the book. The list of people writing refutations of the work was long. The Roman Catholic Church had its pre-eminent theologian Nicolas-Sylvestre Bergier write a refutation of the Système titled Examen du matérialisme (Materialism examined). Voltaire hastily seized his pen to refute the philosophy of the Système in the article "Dieu" in his Dictionnaire philosophique, while Frederick the Great also drew up an answer to it. Its principles are summed up in a more popular form in Bon Sens, on idées naturelles opposees aux idées surnaturelles (Amsterdam, 1772), In the Système social (1773), the Politique naturelle (1773-1774) and the Morale universelle (1776) Holbach attempts to describe a system of morality in place of the one he had so fiercely attacked, but these later writings were not as popular or influential as his earlier work. Due to a fear of persecution, he published his books either anonymously or under pseudonyms. Additionally, the books were published outside of France, usually in Amsterdam. D'Holbach was strongly critical of abuses of power in France and abroad. Contrary to the revolutionary spirit of the time however, he called for the educated classes to reform the corrupt system of government and warned against revolution, democracy, and "mob rule".

It is thought that the virtuous atheist Wolmar in Jean-Jacques Rousseau's Nouvelle Héloise is based on d'Holbach. Many of the main points in d'Holbach's philosophy have now found increasing resonance among the scientifically literate.

Bibliography

• Le christianisme dévoilé, ou Examen des principes et des effets de la religion chrétienne (Christianity unveiled: being an examination of the principles and effects of the Christian religion) published in Nancy, 1761
• La Contagion sacrée, ou Histoire naturelle de la superstition, 1768
• Lettres à Eugénie, ou Préservatif contre les préjugés, 1768
• Théologie Portative, ou Dictionnaire abrégé de la religion chrétienne, 1768
• Essai sur les préjugés, ou De l'influence des opinions sur les mœurs & le bonheur des hommes, 1770
• Système de la nature ou des loix du monde physique & du monde moral (The System of Nature, or Laws of the Moral and Physical World), published 1770 in 2 volumes in French under the pseudonym of Mirabaud. vol.1 text (http://www.gutenberg.net/browse/BIBREC/BR8909.HTM), vol.2 text (http://www.gutenberg.net/browse/BIBREC/BR8910.HTM) at Project Gutenberg, en français (http://gallica.bnf.fr/scripts/ConsultationTout.exe?O=88620&T=2).
• Histoire critique de Jésus-Christ, ou Analyse raisonnée des évangiles, 1770
• Tableau des Saints, ou Examen de l'esprit, de la conduite, des maximes & du mérite des personnages que le christiannisme révère & propose pour modèles, 1770
• Le Bon Sens, published 1772 (Good Sense). This was an abridged version of The System of Nature. It was published anonymously in Amsterdam in order to escape persecution, and has also been attributed to John Meslier. Project Gutenberg text (http://www.gutenberg.net/browse/BIBREC/BR7319.HTM)
• Politique Naturelle, ou Discours sur les vrais principes du Gouvernement, 1773
• Système Social, ou Principes naturels de la morale et de la Politique, avec un examen de l'influence du gouvernement sur les mœurs 1773
• Ethocratie, ou Le gouvernement fondé sur la morale (Ethocracy or Government Founded on Ethics) (Amsterdam, 1776)
• La Morale Universelle, ou Les devoirs de l'homme fondés sur la Nature, 1776 en français (http://visualiseur.bnf.fr/CadresFenetre?O=NUMM-84548&M=pagination&Y=Image), PDF file.
• Eléments de morale universelle, ou Catéchisme de la Nature, 1790
• Lettre à une dame d'un certain âge sur l'état présent de l'opéra. (Letter to a lady of a certain age concerning the present state of the opera.) Paris, 1752; online text (http://clanfaw.free.fr/holbach/holbach.01.htm)

Notes

Note 1: D'Holbach's exact date of birth is not known, although he was baptised on December 8, 1723. Note 2: Various literature about d'Holbach give conflicting death dates. Some state that he died on January 21, 1789 (The date of January 1789 is given by The Encyclopedists as individuals: a biographical dictionary of the authors of the Encyclopédie by Frank A. Kafker and Serena L. Kafker. Published 1988 in the Studies of Voltaire and the eighteenth century. More specifically, this text states that "He died six months before the fall of the Bastille.") Others give the date June 21, 1789 (The Dictionaire des Philosophes published 1984 by "Presses Universitaires de France", stating that d'Holbach died in the first weeks of the French Revolution).

Literature

• Correspondance littéraire - Grimm (1813)
• Confessions - Rousseau's
• Mémoires - Morellet (1821)
• Les Diners du Baron Holbeck - Madame de Genlis
• Mémoires - Madame d'Epinay
• Diderot et la société du Baron d'Holbach - Avezac-Lavigne (1875)
• Diderot - Morley (1878)de:Paul Heinrich Dietrich von Holbach

fr:Paul Henri Dietrich, baron d'Holbach