Banach fixed point theorem
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The Banach fixed point theorem is an important tool in the theory of metric spaces; it guarantees the existence and uniqueness of fixed points of certain self maps of metric spaces, and provides a constructive method to find those fixed points. The theorem is named after Stefan Banach (1892-1945), and was first stated by Banach in 1922.
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The theorem
Let (X, d) be a non-empty complete metric space. Let T : X -> X be a contraction mapping on X, i.e: there is a real number q < 1 such that
- <math>d(Tx,Ty) \le q\cdot d(x,y)<math>
for all x, y in X. Then the map T admits one and only one fixed point x* in X (this means Tx* = x*). Furthermore, this fixed point can be found as follows: start with an arbitrary element x0 in X and define an iterative sequence by xn = Txn-1 for n = 1, 2, 3, ... This sequence converges, and its limit is x*. The following inequality describes the speed of convergence:
- <math>d(x^*, x_n) \leq \frac{q^n}{1-q} d(x_1,x_0)<math>.
Equivalently,
- <math>d(x^*, x_{n+1}) \leq \frac{q}{1-q} d(x_{n+1},x_n)<math>
and
- <math>d(x^*, x_{n+1}) \leq q d(x_n,x^*)<math>.
The smallest such value of q is sometimes called the Lipschitz constant.
Note that the requirement d(Tx, Ty) < d(x, y) for all unequal x and y is in general not enough to ensure the existence of a fixed point, as is shown by the map T : [1,∞) → [1,∞) with T(x) = x + 1/x, which lacks a fixed point. However, if the space X is compact, then this weaker assumption does imply all the statements of the theorem.
When using the theorem in practice, the most difficult part is typically to define X properly so that T actually maps elements from X to X, i.e. that Tx is always an element of X.
Applications
A standard application is the proof of the Picard-Lindelöf theorem about the existence and uniqueness of solutions to certain ordinary differential equations. The sought solution of the differential equation is expressed as a fixed point of a suitable integral operator which transforms continuous functions into continuous functions. The Banach fixed point theorem is then used to show that this integral operator has a unique fixed point.
Converses
Several converses of the Banach contraction principle exist. The following is due to Czeslaw Bessaga, from 1959:
Let <math>f:X\rightarrow X<math> be a map of an abstract set such that each iterate f n has a unique fixed point. Let q be a real number, 0 < q < 1. Then there exists a complete metric on X such that f is contractive, and q is the contraction constant.
Generalizations
See the article on fixed point theorems in infinite-dimensional spaces for generalizations.
References
- Vasile I. Istratescu, Fixed Point Theory, An Introduction, D.Reidel, the Netherlands (1981). ISBN 90-277-1224-7 See chapter 7.
- Andrzej Granas and James Dugundji, Fixed Point Theory (2003) Springer-Verlag, New York, ISBN 0-387-00173-5.
- William A. Kirk and Brailey Sims, Handbook of Metric Fixed Point Theory (2001), Kluwer Academic, London ISBN 0-7923-7073-2.
An earlier version of this article was posted on Planet Math (http://planetmath.org/encyclopedia/BanachFixedPointTheorem.html). This article is open content.de:Fixpunktsatz von Banach pl:Twierdzenie Banacha o kontrakcji