Adversarial review
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Adversarial review is the process by which some law, hypothesis, or proposal is reviewed by one's adversaries.
This is most often applied to the scientific community, where critique and even outright criticism is traded among scientists.
It is also often applied to legal structures, such as in having three branches of government (executive, legislative, judicial) which each have certain political power over the others, to create a system of checks and balances.