Neptunium

Neptunium, also known less commonly as poseidonium, is a chemical element, in the periodic table that has the symbol Np and atom number 93.

Neptunium was the first synthetic transuranium element of the actinide series discovered; the isotope ²³⁹Np was produced by Edwin McMillan and Abelson in 1940 at the Berkeley Radiation Laboratory of the University of California, Berkeley, as the result of bombarding uranium with cyclotron-produced neutrons.

The isotope ²³⁷Np (half-life of 2.14 x 106 years) is currently obtained in gram quantities as a by-product from nuclear reactors in the production of plutonium. Trace quantities of the element are actually found in nature due to transmutation reactions in uranium ores produced by the neutrons which are present. Neptunium is prepared by the reduction of NpF₃ with barium or lithium vapor at about 1200^oC.

Neptunium metal has a silvery appearance, is chemically reactive, and exists in at least three structural modifications: alpha-neptunium, orthorhombic, density 20.25 g/cm³, beta-neptunium (above 280oC), tetragonal, density (313^oC) 19.36 g/cm³, gamma-neptunium (above 577^oC), cubic, density (600^oC) 18.0 g/cm³. Neptunium has four ionic oxidation states in solution: Np⁺³ (pale purple), analogous to the rare earth ion Pm⁺³, Np⁺⁴ (yellow green); NpO²⁺ (green blue): and NpO²⁺⁺ (pale pink). These latter oxygenated species are in contrast to the rare earths which exhibit only simple ions of the (II), (III), and (IV) oxidation states in aqueous solution. The element forms tri- and tetrahalides such as NpF₃, NpF₄, NpC_l4, NpBr₃, NpI₃, and oxides of the various compositions such as are found in the uranium-oxygen system, including Np₃O₈ and NpO₂. Seventeen isotopes of neptunium are now recognized. The Oak Ridge National Laboratory has ²³⁷Np available for sale to its licensees and for export. This isotope can be used as a component in neutron detection instruments.