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- Jeanne d'Albret (2474 bytes)
4: ... Francis married her to the Duke of Cleves, but this political marriage was annulled four years later.
6: ...would become heir to the French throne if the Valois line died out.
10: ...ot]] ministers which led to her declaring [[Calvinism]] the official religion of her kingdom.
14: ...to the king's sister Marguerite. She died in [[Paris]] two months before the wedding took place.
18: ...am, Duke of Cleves, annulled in [[1545]], with no issue. - Elizabeth I of England (34338 bytes)
7: ...f great religious turmoil in [[England|English]] history.
9: ...rinity College, Dublin]] ([[1592]]) and the [[British East India Company]] ([[1600]]).
11: ...n was marked by prudence in the granting of [[British honours system|honours and dignities]]. Only eig...
13: [[Virginia]], an English [[13 colonies|colony in North America]] and afte...
16: ...ard VI of England|Prince Edward]] under the [[English Act of Succession|Act of Succession 1544]]. - Cairo (12536 bytes)
2: ... populous metropolitan area]] in the world. Cairo is located at 30°2' North, 31°13' East (30.0...
4: ...the official name of the city, in local speech it is typically called simply by the name of the countr...
6: ...irat Al Adaa" meaning "subduer of the enemies". This title was given to the city as many armies were d...
11: ...ASAR Wide-Swath radar multicolour composite image is focused over the capital city of Cairo, Egypt, se...
14: Cairo is located on the banks and islands of the [[Nile|Nile River]] in the north of E... - Egypt (18830 bytes)
2: ...g><br>{{Audio|ar-Gumhuriyat_Misr_al-Arabiyah.ogg|listen}}
22: | [[English language|English]], [[French language|French]]
30: | '''[[Prime Minister of Egypt|Prime Minister]]'''
34: | [[List of countries by area|Ranked 29th]] <br /> [[1 E1...
37: | [[List of countries by population|Ranked 15th]] <br /> ... - Nile (13738 bytes)
4: ...6;يل ''an-nīl''), in [[Africa]], is one of the two longest [[river|rivers]] on [[Eart...
8: ...upsilon;πτος), which itself is the source of the name "Egypt".
12: ...oint from which the length of a river is measured is not always agreed upon. The Nile carries far le...
14: ...nning and followed to the Mediterranean, the Nile is approximately 6695 km (4160 miles) long. Measuri...
20: ...he western flanks of the East African Rift, which is the southern African part of the [[Great Rift Val... - Alexandria (28378 bytes)
1: ...capital of the [[Al Iskandariyah]] governate. It is located at {{coor dm|31|12|N|29|15|E|}}, 208 km (...
3: ... had seen it reduced to little more than a small fishing village.
5: ...'s state-of-the-art [[library]], designed by [[Christoph Kapellar]], was inaugurated in [[2001]]]]
7: [[Image:Alexandria_egypt_6.jpg|thumb|right|Fishing Boats in Alexandria's Eastern Harbour, close ...
9: == History == - Canada (35540 bytes)
1: ... the consensus that the country's *official* name is now "Canada", not anything else. If you believe y...
3: ...e many "main" articles about Canada linked from this article, e.g., [[Politics of Canada]], [[Geograph...
6: '''Canada''' is a country in [[North America]], the northern-most...
8: ...|parliamentary]] [[representative democracy]] and is a [[constitutional monarchy]] with [[Elizabeth II...
10: ...is 32.2 million people [http://www.statcan.ca/english/edu/clock/population.htm]. - United Arab Emirates (10825 bytes)
2: ...nce of a nineteenth-century truce between the British and some Arab [[sheikh]]s. It borders [[Oman]] a...
8: ...1593;ربيّة المتّحدة<br>Al-...
19: ...le="vertical-align: top;" colspan=2 | <small>''[[List of state mottos|National motto]]: none''</small>
29: | '''[[List of countries by area|Area]]'''
32: | '''[[List of countries by population|Population]]'''<br>&n... - Algeria (16548 bytes)
1: ...nslates as ''the islands'', referring to the four islands which lay off that city's coast until becomi...
3: ...1602;راطية الشعبية'''<br>'''Al-J...
21: ...guage|French unofficial but commonly used in administration]]
23: ...[[Coordinates]]:||[[Algiers]] الجزائر<br><small>(El...
27: | '''[[Prime Minister of Algeria|Head of Government]]''' - Jordan (20715 bytes)
1: ... main religion is [[Islam]] and its main language is [[Arabic language|Arabic]].
3: ...1583;نّيّة الهاشميّة...
28: | '''[[List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_Jordan|Prime Minister]]'''
34: | [[List of countries by area|Ranked 110th]]<br>
41: | [[List of countries by population|Ranked 107th]]<br> - Iraq (19222 bytes)
1: ...d by BBC news, CNN, The New York Times, The Economist)
3: .../big><br>{{Audio|Ar-al Gumhuriyah al Iraqiya.ogg|listen}}
13: ...ahu Akbar]]<br>([[English language|English]]: God is Great)''</small>
23: | '''[[Prime Minister of Iraq|Prime Minister]]''' || [[Ibrahim al-Jaafari]]</small>
25: ...a]]'''<br> - Total <br> - % water || [[List of countries by area|Ranked 57th]] <br> 437,072 ... - Brunei (7197 bytes)
1: ...om its coastline with the [[South China Sea]], it is completely surrounded by [[East Malaysia]].
3: Brunei is one of the members of the [[Association of Southe...
5: ...1610; دارالسلام<br>Negara Brunei Darussalam'''</bi...
28: | [[List of countries by area|Ranked 163rd]] <br /> 5,765...
33: | [[List of countries by population|Ranked 162nd]] - Lebanon (34225 bytes)
2: ...ordered by [[Syria]] on the east and north, and [[Israel]] on the south.
4: ...1608;ريّة اللبنانيّة...
23: ...[French language|French]], [[English language|English]], [[Armenian language|Armenian]]
28: | '''[[List of Presidents of Lebanon|President]]'''
31: ... '''[[List of Prime Ministers of Lebanon|Prime Minister]]''' - Qatar (10610 bytes)
1: ...orders [[Saudi Arabia]] to the south and is otherwise surrounded by the [[Persian Gulf]].
3: ...anguage|English]] varies; see [[List of words of disputed pronunciation]].
5: |+<big><big>'''دولة قطر<br>Dawlat Qatar''' ...
24: | '''[[List of emirs of Qatar|Emir]]'''
27: | '''[[List of prime ministers of Qatar|Prime Minister]]''' - Israel (51605 bytes)
1: ...[[Egypt]] (listed clockwise from north to south). Israel shares the coastlines of the [[Mediterranean ...
6: ...7;رائيل<br>("Dawlat Israil") |
7: common_name = Israel |
8: image_flag = Israel_flag_large.png |
9: image_coat = Israel-coa-medium.png | - Afghanistan (23568 bytes)
1: ...hina]] in the easternmost part of the country. It is among the poorest countries in the world.
3: ...'''[[Islamic republic|Islamic Republic]] of Afghanistan'''.
5: ...587;تان'''<br>'''Da Afghanistan Islami Dawlat'''<br>'''Dawlat-e Eslami-e Afghanestan...
10: | align="center" width="140px" | [[Image:Afghanistan flag large.png|125px]]
11: ... align="center" width="140px" | [[Image:COA Afghanistan.png|110px]] - Sudan (18856 bytes)
2: ... the northeast part of the continent. The capital is [[Khartoum]]. It borders [[Egypt]] to the north, ...
8: ...1605;هورية السودان <br> Jumhuriy...
12: ...Al-Nasr Lana ([[Arabic language|Arabic]]: Victory is Ours) |
19: leader_titles = [[List of Presidents of Sudan|President]] |
39: established_events = - Date | - Malaysia (27892 bytes)
1: ...sia''' is a country in [[Southeast Asia]]. It consists of two geographical regions divided by the [[So...
3: ...nd the second-link bridge]] on the south with the island of [[Singapore]];
5: ...], the northern part of the island of [[Borneo]], is bordered to the south by [[Indonesia]] and border...
8: ...1603;وتوان مليسيا'''</big></big>
20: ...ertambah Mutu<br>([[Malay language|Malay]]: Unity Is Strength)''</font> - Kuwait (15932 bytes)
2: ...]] in the south and [[Iraq]] in the north. Kuwait is located in the [[Middle East]].
5: ...big><big>'''دولة الكويت<br>(Dawlat al Kuwayt...
25: | '''[[List of emirs of Kuwait|Emir]]'''
31: | '''[[Prime minister]]'''
35: | [[List of countries by area|Ranked 152nd]] <br> 17,818 ... - Giraffe (8140 bytes)
6: {{Taxobox_classis_entry | taxon = [[Mammal]]ia}}
10: ...{Taxobox_species_entry | taxon = '''''camelopardalis'''''}}
12: ...olor = pink | binomial_name = Giraffa camelopardalis | author=[[Linnaeus (taxonomy) | Linnaeus]] | dat...
14: The '''giraffe''' (''Giraffa camelopardalis'') is an [[even-toed ungulate]] [[mammal]], the tallest...
16: ...ced in a separate family, the [[Giraffidae]], consisting only of the giraffe and its closest relative,... - Influenza (10335 bytes)
1: ...being instances of influenza), see [[gastroenteritis]].}}
3: ...ommonly known, '''the flu''' or '''the grippe''') is a contagious
4: ...strological]] ''influences'' as the cause of the disease.
12: ...ceptible people. Populations tend to have more resistance to influenza B and C because they only under...
16: ...isolated, year of isolation, sequential number of isolation, and HA and NA subtype (Yohannes ''et al''... - Galileo Galilei (33761 bytes)
2: ..., his conflict with the [[Roman Catholic Church]] is taken as a major early example of the conflict of...
5: Galileo was born in [[Pisa]], [[Italy]], as the son of [[Vincenzo Galilei]]...
7: ... time he explored science and made many landmark discoveries.
10: ...ligion. These are the primary justifications for his description as "father of science."
12: ...ished French [[History of science and technology|historian of science]] [[Alexandre Koyr靝. The exper... - Johannes Kepler (17038 bytes)
2: ...as "the first [[theory|theoretical]] [[astrophysicist]]", although [[Carl Sagan]] also refers to him a...
4: ...lenstein]]. Early in his career, Kepler was an assistant to [[Tycho Brahe]]. Kepler's career also coin...
6: ...nz]] in honor of Johannes Kepler, since he wrote his ''magnum opus'' '''harmonices mundi''' ("The Harm...
9: ...o have been a weak and sickly child, but despite his ill health, he was precociously brilliant.
11: ...nd, compared to the other pupils, an outsider. This ostracizing probably led him to turn to the world... - William Shakespeare (28915 bytes)
1: ...allery]]), in the famous [[Chandos portrait]], artist and authenticity unconfirmed.]]
2: ...as well as one of the world's pre-eminent [[dramatist]]s.
4: ...slated into every major living [[language]], and his plays are continually performed all around the wo...
6: ...d to him are often uncertain. His prolific output is especially impressive in light of the fact that h...
8: ...ptations of Shakespearean plays|adaptations]] of his works. - Valley of the Kings (4430 bytes)
2: ...04;وك) in [[Arabic language|Arabic]], is a [[valley]] in [[Egypt]] where [[tomb]]s were bu...
4: ...m [[Thebes, Egypt|Thebes]] (modern [[Luxor]]). It is separated into the East and West Valley, with mos...
10: ...on the walls of some of the tombs indicate that this was an attraction during [[Roman Empire|Roman]] t...
13: ...ands when it comes into contact with [[water]]. This has damaged many tombs, particularly during [[flo...
16: ...en ransacked, including Tutankhamun's, though in his case, it seems that the robbers were interrupted,... - Seljuk Turks (7657 bytes)
1: ...57;jiqa''; [[Persian language|Persian]]: سلجوقيان ''Salj...
3: ... [[Mongol]] invaders from the East, defending the Islamic world against [[Crusade|Crusaders]] from the...
5: ...med Sanjar]] was captured and held captive by Turkish nomads from [[1153]] to [[1156]] and died the fo...
7: ...F;rül was defeated by [[Tekish|Ala ad-Din Tekish]], the Shah of [[Khwarezmid Empire|Khwarezm]], a...
66: * [[Kutalmish]] [[1060]]-[[1077]] - Bahrain (16123 bytes)
1: ...rain by the [[King Fahd Causeway]], and [[Qatar]] is to the south across the [[ Persian Gulf]]. The [...
4: ...g>'''مملكة البحرين<br>Mamlakat a...
20: ...abic language|Arabic]] and [[English language|English]]
24: | '''[[Monarch|King]]''' || [[Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa]]
26: | '''[[Prime Minister]]''' || [[Khalifa bin Salman Ali Khalifa]] - James Cook (14770 bytes)
1: ...mage:captainjamescookportrait.jpg|thumb|250px|British explorer James Cook, portrait by Nathaniel Dance...
3: ...], [[1779]]) was a [[Kingdom of Great Britain|British]] [[explorers|explorer]] and [[navigator]]. He m...
7: ...laborer on a farm. As a child, Cook moved with his family to [[Great Ayton]].
8: ...r]] to start again at the lowest level in the British [[Royal Navy]].
12: ...allowing [[James_Wolfe | General Wolfe]] to make his famous stealth attack on the [[Plains of Abraham]... - History of Slovakia (43199 bytes)
1: This is the '''history of [[Slovakia]]'''.
3: ==Archeology and Prehistory==
7: ...nium Mold of a [[Neanderthal]] (c. 200,000 BCE), discovered near Gᮯvce, a village in Northern Slovak...
9: ...da|gastropods]] of the Tertiary Period have been discovered at the sites of ZvskᬠPodkovice, Hubin...
11: ...ovce, that of Gemer and of the Massif Bukov頨ory is characterized by remarkable modelling and by deli... - List of philosophers (79981 bytes)
1: ...rs important in the history of philosophy)'', '''listed alphabetically:'''
14: *[[Isaac Abrabanel|Isaac ben Judah Abravanel]], (1437-1508){{fn|C}}{{fn...
15: *[[Judah Leon Abravanel|Judah ben Isaac Abravanel]], (1460?-1535?){{fn|C}}{{fn|R}}
39: *[[Leone Battista Alberti]], (1404-1472)
48: *[[Yohanan ben Isaac Alemanno]], (1433-1504){{fn|R}} - Quran (41479 bytes)
1: {{Islam}}
2: ...of [[Islam]]. [[Muslim]]s believe that the Qur'an is the literal word of God and the culmination of Go...
6: ...ged in chronological order (in the order in which Islamic scholars believe they were revealed) but in ...
10: ..., semantical units resembling paragraphs and comprising roughly ten ayat each.
14: ...hey were created after Muhammad. Only five [[pre-Islamic Arabic inscriptions]] survive.) - Sikhism (31029 bytes)
2: ...]] ideal, and [[bhajan]]s) as well as [[Sufi|Sufi Islam]].
4: ...g of [[Guru Nanak]] is, "There is no Hindu, there is no Muslim." [[Guru Gobind Singh]] reinforced the...
6: ... Beloved Ones), who in turn baptised the Guru at his request.
8: ... Holy Scripture is particularly unique in that it is written in [[Gurmukhi]] script but contains many ...
10: ...n many ways, many places and known by many names, is eternally One, the Sovereign and omnipotent God (... - Libya (12985 bytes)
1: ...and [[Tunisia]] to the west. Its [[capital]] city is [[Tripoli]]. The three traditional parts of the c...
6: ... al-Lībīyah ash-Sha‘bīyah al-Ishtirākīyah'''</big>
28: | '''[[Prime Minister of Libya|Prime Minister]]''' || [[Shukri Ghanem]]
30: | '''[[Area]]'''<br>- Total || [[List of countries by area|Ranked 16th]] <br> 1,759,54...
32: ... <br> - [[Population density|Density]] || [[List of countries by population|Ranked 103rd]]<br> 5,... - State of Palestine (7675 bytes)
2: ...d the [[Arab League]], envision the gradual establishment of a State of Palestine to include all or pa...
5: ... size=+1>'''دولة فلسطين'''<br>'''Dawlat Fila...
31: ...ic ties with the [[Palestinian Authority]], established under the [[Oslo Accords]].
33: ...ation of the Establishment of the State of Israel|Israel's declaration of independence]], it partly ba...
37: A total of 93 countries fully recognise the Palestinian Authority, and eleven more grant... - Alchemy (42222 bytes)
1: ...sts sought for. The most renowned goal of alchemy is the [[transmutation]] of any metal into either [...
2: ...ded as the precursor of the modern science of chemistry prior to the formulation of the [[scientific m...
4: [[Image:Chemistry_flask.jpg|thumb|150px|left|Chemistry Clipart .Clipart provided by
8: ...er connected with ancient Egypt through what linguists term a "[[folk etymology]]."
11: ...humb]], traditions, basic observations, and mysticism to fill in the gaps. - Samuel de Champlain (12497 bytes)
3: ...ey have had the most lasting importance to World History.
7: ... France on [[September 20]], wrote an account of his travels called ''Des sauvages'' (The Savages).
9: ...yal]] (which had been located with Champlain's assistance), where Champlain lived until 1607 while he ...
13: ...hich he embarked on periodically for the rest of his life.
15: The first winter was difficult for the colonists. Of the twenty-five people who stayed for the w... - Easter (31700 bytes)
1: {{christianity}}
2: ...rch year, lasting for fifty days, which follows this holiday and ends around [[Pentecost]]. See [[East...
4: ...ssover lambs (perhaps for theological reasons). This would put the Last Supper slightly before Passove...
6: ...emnant of this fertility festival, although there is no hard evidence of any link.
13: ...tern Christianity|Western]]''' !! '''[[Eastern Christianity|Eastern]]''' - Jackal (3358 bytes)
6: {{Taxobox classis entry | taxon = [[Mammal]]ia}}
9: {{Taxobox genus entry | taxon = ''[[Canis]]'' (<small>in part</small>)}}
11: {{Taxobox section subdivision | color = pink | plural_taxon = Species}}
12: ''Canis aureus''<br />
13: ''Canis adustus''<br /> - Holy Land (2739 bytes)
1: ... traditions: [[Judaism]], [[Christianity]], and [[Islam]]. These areas include, but are not limited to...
3: ...cently, the region is at the center of the [[Arab-Israeli conflict]].
5: ...etimes used when a speaker wishes to use neither "Israel" nor "Palestine" for the region, since either...
7: ==Its meaning in Islam==
9: The term "Holy Land" is used in the [[Qur'an]]: - Tobacco (28162 bytes)
5: {{Taxobox_divisio_entry | taxon = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta...
6: {{Taxobox_classis_entry | taxon = [[Magnoliopsida]]}}
14: ...nish]] word "tabaco", whose roots are unclear; it is thought to derive from the [[Native American]] wo...
16: ...nificant cases of [[Nicotine Poisoning|nicotine poisoning]] are the result of concentrated forms of th...
18: ...c compounds in tobacco and tobacco smoke. Many jurisdictions have enacted [[smoking ban]]s in an effor... - Giraffes (7566 bytes)
6: {{Taxobox_classis_entry | taxon = [[Mammal]]ia}}
10: ...{Taxobox_species_entry | taxon = '''''camelopardalis'''''}}
12: ...olor = pink | binomial_name = Giraffa camelopardalis | author=[[Linnaeus (taxonomy) | Linnaeus]] | dat...
14: The '''giraffe''' (''Giraffa camelopardalis'') is an [[even-toed ungulate]] [[mammal]], the tallest...
16: ...ced in a separate family, the [[Giraffidae]], consisting only of the giraffe and its closest relative,... - Elamite Empire (23098 bytes)
4: ... is now southwestern [[Iran]]. The Elamite period is considered to last from ca. [[2700 BC]] to [[539 ...
5: ...y thus be considered the starting point of the [[history of Iran]].
8: ...a'' to ''e'' indicates this word was borrowed prehistorically). Additionally, the Haltamti were known ...
10: ...dern provincial name [[Khuzestan|Khuzestān]] is derived from the Old Persian root ''Hujiyā''...
13: ...cted by some theorists with the [[Harappan]] civilisation found in the Indus Valley somewhat to the Ea... - Palestine (region) (604 bytes)
1: ...1591;ين''' '''Filasṭīn''') is the region between the [[Mediterranean Sea]] and ... - Jerusalem (61585 bytes)
2: ...ligion]]s of [[Judaism]], [[Christianity]], and [[Islam]].
4: ...s of four quarters: [[Jew]]ish, [[Christianity|Christian]], [[Armenian (people)|Armenian]], and [[Musl...
6: ...eignty over some or all of the city and enforce this view by maintaining their embassies in [[Tel Aviv...
12: ...ion.) "Salem" is the original name used in [[Genesis]] 14:18 for the city. Similarly the [[Amarna Lett...
14: == History == - Madrid (20882 bytes)
4: '''Madrid''', the [[capital]] of [[Spain]], is located in the center of the country at {{coor dm...
6: Madrid is the capital not only of the country but also of t...
8: [[As of 2004]], the [[mayor]] of Madrid is [[Alberto Ruiz-Gallard�n]].
10: == History ==
14: ...enerales|Cortes]] first assembled in Madrid to advise [[Ferdinand IV of Castile|Fernando IV]]. Jews an... - Giza (1132 bytes)
3: ...ernorate''', and is located in the northeast of this governorate, near its border.
5: Giza is most famous as the location of the [[Giza Plateau...
8: ...ists.JPG|right|240px|thumb|Nineteenth-century tourists in front of the Sphinx and Great Pyramid]] - Mobile phone (30513 bytes)
2: A '''mobile phone''' is a device which behaves as a normal
8: ...[circuit switching]], though [[packet switching]] is already in use for some parts of the mobile phone...
10: ...[Audiovox]], [[Kyocera]] (formerly the handset division of [[Qualcomm]]), [[LG (Korea)|LG]], [[Motorol...
12: ...specialist communication systems related to, but distinct from mobile phones, such as [[satellite phon...
16: ...eing available since 1983. Due to their low establishment costs and rapid deployment, mobile phone net...
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