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- China (38909 bytes)
1: ...ng in the [[3rd century BC]] to protect the north from raiders on horseback.]]
5: ...[country]]'s territorial extent expanded outwards from a core area in the [[North China Plain]], and v...
7: ... formally surrendering its claims, has moved away from its former identity as the ruler of China, and ...
16: ...eir nation as culturally and politically distinct from - and as the [[axis mundi]] of surrounding nati...
25: ... political legitimacy. It was used in this manner from the tenth century onwards by the competing dyna... - Denis Diderot (13048 bytes)
3: ...and [[writer]]. Born in [[Langres]], [[Champagne, France]] in 1713, he was a prominent figure in what ...
5: ... [[philosophy|philosophical]] ideas relating to [[free will]]. He is also known as the author of the e...
10: ...dash;1748) and about the same date he published a free rendering of Shaftesbury's ''Inquiry Concerning...
14: ...ing, too, as an illustration of the comprehensive freedom with which Diderot felt his way round any su...
23: ... Englishman [[John Mills]], and the German, [[Gottfried Sellius]]. Diderot accepted the proposal, but ... - Condoleezza Rice (23116 bytes)
27: ...first [[African American]] [[woman]], the second African American (after [[Colin Powell]]), and the se...
31: ...isor]] during his first term. She was the second African American (after Powell) and the first female ...
35: ...sition at the University of Denver. Her name is a variation on the [[Italian]] musical term "con dolcezza" wh...
37: ...air]] was killed in the bombing of the primarily African-American [[16th Street Baptist Church bombing...
41: ...Experience in America." [http://www.publiceye.org/frontpage/OpEds/berlet_condi_dad.html] At age 15, Ri... - Margaret Thatcher (46377 bytes)
27: ... was the [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]] from [[1979]] to [[1990]], the only woman [[as of 20...
29: ...y]] task force to retake the [[Falkland Islands]] from [[Argentina]] in the [[Falklands War]].
31: ...and]], and increased wealth inequalities. However from the mid 1980s a period of sustained economic gr...
33: ...d Monetary Union]]. Her leadership was challenged from within and she was forced to resign in [[1990]]...
36: ...hire]] in eastern [[England]]. Her father was [[Alfred Roberts]], who ran a grocers' shop in the town ... - Margaret Mead (11387 bytes)
1: [[Image:Margaret_Mead.jpg|frame|Margaret Mead]]
5: ...r, eventually serving as its curator of ethnology from 1946 to 1969. In addition, she taught at Colum...
7: ...y enough for the general public to read and learn from her works--remains firm.
12: ...the ''Coming of Age in Samoa'', Mead's advisor, [[Franz Boas]], wrote of its significance that
20: She concluded that the passage from childhood to adulthood--the period of "adolesce... - Maria Goeppert-Mayer (4176 bytes)
3: .... [[Joseph Edward Mayer]], the assistant of James Franck. The couple moved to the [[United States]], M...
5: ...University]] in [[Baltimore, Maryland|Baltimore]] from [[1931]]-[[1939|39]], but since she was a woman...
9: ...other pair go counterclockwise. Then add one more variation; all the dancers are spinning twirling round and ... - Artery (6875 bytes)
1: ...are muscular tubes that carry [[blood]] flow away from the [[heart]] to the [[biological tissue|tissue...
3: ...nd elastic tissue. The outermost layer (furthest from the flow of blood) is known as the ''[[tunica a...
5: ... each heart cycle. This pressure and blood volume variation within the artery produces the pulse which is pal...
15: ... binding sites have bound oxygen. Blood returning from the lungs, via the 4 pulmonary veins, to the le...
17: ...ting hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen). Returning from the body to the right atrium, [[hemoglobin]] mo... - Flowering plant (29088 bytes)
16: ...ling them to be correctly called [[Gymnosperm]]s. From that time onwards, so long as these Gymnosperms...
18: ...d the position of Gymnosperms as a class distinct from Dicotyledons, and the term Angiosperm then grad...
22: ...re not, however, primitive forms, but are derived from immediate land-ancestors. Associated with this ...
24: ... the angiosperms and the [[Gnetophyte]]s diverged from one another during the late [[Triassic]] (220-2...
47: ... regular periodical increase in thickness results from it by the development of xylem on the inside an... - Calligraphy (20084 bytes)
2: '''Calligraphy''' (from [[Greek language|Greek]] καλ...
4: Calligraphy should be distinguished from the studies of [[epigraphy]] or [[palaeography]...
12: ...uan-shu and contained more than 3,000 characters. From that time to the present, there have been five ...
14: ... as a guide, hiragana and katakana were developed from simplified cursive versions of characters. In t...
52: ...clerical script is highly stylised, a development from seal script form. They are highly angular in ap... - Minuscule (2323 bytes)
1: ...under and simpler forms, like [[uncial]]s. It is from these that the first minuscule hands developed,...
5: ...that dictionaries tend to accept it as a spelling variation. However, ''miniscule'' is still less likely to b... - Definitions of music (17609 bytes)
1: ...]s. The word has been used to mean various things from "any euphonious and pleasing sound" to only a p...
4: ...of the Latin ''musica''. It is ultimately derived from ''mousa'', the Greek word for [[muses|muse]]. I...
10: ... refers strictly to the mathematical proportions. From this concept later resulted the romantic idea o...
12: ...cult sciences]] or [[esoteric thought]] - ranging from [[astrology]] to believing certain [[minerals]]...
14: ...t the mathematical or physical relationships in [[frequency]] that give rise to the [[musical interval... - Geography (8541 bytes)
2: ...y]] and [[physical geography]]. The word derives from the [[Greek language|Greek]] words ''γ&et...
98: ...ut much controversy, that cartography is the seed from which the larger field of Geography grew. Most ...
99: Cartography has grown from a collection of drafting techniques into an act... - Map (10223 bytes)
7: ...h-central [[Anatolia]] (now [[Turkey]]); it dates from about [[6200 BC]].
9: ...tical value, and this has been the source of much fruitful map criticism over the last twenty years, n...
49: From the last quarter of the 20th century, the indis...
51: From the computer scientist's standpoint, zooming in...
55: ...y a rectangle of pixels does show more detail. A variation of this method is that [[interpolation]] is perfo... - Vertical flute (689 bytes)
1: The '''vertical flute''' is a special variation of the standard [[flute]], or, more specifically,... - Nose flute (4426 bytes)
3: In [[Zaire]], [[southern Africa]], it is played by eight different ethnic grou...
5: ...e for the [[nostril]] can be on the side, just in front of the nodal wall, or in the center of the nod...
9: ...nd, and the disposition of the fingerholes differ from node to vent hole so two alternating scales can...
11: ...ng various scales. Some players take a filter tip from a [[cigarette]] and plug the other unused nostr...
15: ...tive [[bamboo]], so their nose flutes were carved from a soft stone similar to [[soapstone]]. If a [[g... - Serpent (instrument) (2056 bytes)
3: ...ment and the player, but typically covers a range from two [[octave]]s below [[middle C]] to at least ...
7: ... shape of the original instrument. Another common variation is the so-called "Russian Bassoon", which is neit... - Trombone (15819 bytes)
6: The word ''trombone'' derives from [[Italian language|Italian]] ''tromba'' —...
9: ... typically between 7" and 8?". A number of common variations on trombone construction are noted below.
12: ...]] in English. This was not a distinct instrument from the trombone, but rather a different name used ...
14: ...ugh the size of a trombone choir can vary greatly from five or six to 20 or more members).
18: ...que music|Baroque]]) literature is often borrowed from other instruments, usually [[cello]] or [[basso... - Harmonica (21752 bytes)
2: A '''harmonica''' is a [[Free reed instrument|free reed]] musical [[wind instrument]] (also
3: ...n, among other things, as a '''mouth organ''', '''french harp''', simply '''harp''', or
6: dimension into which it can freely vibrate, thus repeatedly
9: Unlike most free-reed instruments (such as [[organ (music)|reed ...
14: is made to vibrate more easily by air from above, reeds accessed by a - Pipe organ (24478 bytes)
5: Pipe organs range in size from portable instruments having only a few dozen pi...
11: <!--This section is the target of a link from the "organ pipe" article. If you update the tex...
15: ...ue organ]], the [[English romantic organ]], the [[French classical organ]], the [[symphonic organ]] an...
27: The word ''organ'' originates from the [[Latin]] word "[[organum (musical instrume...
31: ... Hungary (the ancient [[Pannonia]]) a Roman organ from the 3rd century AD was found. - Berimbau (11944 bytes)
2: ... instruments are played in the southern parts of Africa. The Berimbau was eventually incorporated into...
9: ...n automobile [[tire]]) tightly strung and secured from one end of the verga to the other. A [[gourd]] ...
11: ...so be altered by moving the caba硠back and forth from the abdomen, producing a wah-like sound.
34: ...ing, and by sliding the gourd a little up or down from the place where the sound is best.
36: ...rom C to D). One can press the dobr㯠away enough from the gourd for this only if the bow is about 4 f... - Sex (2995 bytes)
5: ...s, but this terminology is quickly complicated by variations in the degree of sexuality. As with animals, th...
10: ...ting some considerable variation. One interesting variation is in the [[platypus]], a rather unusual mammal i... - Earth (30908 bytes)
7: ...th''' or '''Terra''', is the third planet outward from the [[Sun]]. It is the largest of the [[solar s...
14: ...f approximately 12,742 km. The maximum deviations from this are the highest point on Earth (the summit...
55: ... is only 1/20,000 as great as the energy received from the Sun.
74: ...utaway-english.png|thumb|350px|left|Earth cutaway from core to exosphere. Partially to scale.]]
86: ...Peridotite|harzburgite]]s which has been observed from deep parts of the oceanic crust that have been ... - Volcano (27295 bytes)
4: The name "volcano" has its origin from the name of [[Vulcan (god)|Vulcan]], a god of f...
18: ...'[[Volcanic cones]]''' or [[cinder cone]]s result from eruptions that throw out mostly small pieces of...
41: ...tive" volcano. The lifespan of a volcano can vary from months to several million years, making such a ...
43: ...to note that the span of recorded history differs from region to region; in the [[Mediterranean]], rec...
47: ...tone as extinct. In fact, because the caldera has frequent earthquakes, a very active geothermal syste... - Europe (23835 bytes)
6: ...the third largest continent after [[Asia]] and [[Africa]]. The population of Europe is roughly 705,500...
13: ...which means "sunrise" and is the land to the east from a [[Mesopotamian]] perspective.
18: ...g large colonial empires with vast holdings in [[Africa]], [[the Americas]], and [[Asia]].
20: ...to power and set out on a conquest, forming a new French empire that soon collapsed. After these conqu...
22: ...Economic Consequences|aftermath of World War I]]. From the end of [[World War II]] through the end of ... - South Africa (40100 bytes)
1: ...pendent [[nation]], entirely surrounded by South African territory.
3: ...as well as many white, coloured and Indian South Africans.
5: ...the entire [[Africa]]n continent, with modern [[infrastructure]] common throughout the country.
7: {{South Africa infobox}}
9: South Africa has 11 official languages: [[Afrikaans]], [[English language|English]], [[Zulu lan... - Brazil (12581 bytes)
1: ...]], [[Venezuela]], [[Guyana]], [[Suriname]] and [[French Guiana]] — every South American nation ...
8: ...ial ports to England — at the time isolated from most European ports by Napoleon — and the...
17: ...ado Federal'' of 81 seats, of which three members from each state or federal district are elected acco...
38: [[Image:Br-map.png|framed|Map of Brazil]]
41: ...cated; the [[Rio Negro]], [[Rio S㯠Francisco|S㯠Francisco]], [[Xingu River|Xingu]], [[Madeira river|... - Koala (10686 bytes)
20: ...t part of the bear family. The word "koala" comes from an [[aboriginal]] word meaning "does not drink"...
22: ...re found all along the eastern coast of Australia from near [[Adelaide]] to the base of the [[Cape Yor...
26: ...ales]] as ''P. cinereus cinereus''. The variation from one form to another is continuous, and there ar...
30: ...hildren]] delight in imitating) that can be heard from almost a [[kilometre]] away during the breeding...
35: ...nlarged to extract the maximum amount of nutrient from the poor quality diet. Much of this is done thr... - Iron Age (8996 bytes)
1: [[image:Axe of iron from Swedish Iron Age, found at Gotland, Sweden.jpg|...
5: ...nding on the country or geographical region. This variation even occurs within Europe where the Iron Age dist...
10: ...[smelting|smelted]] iron objects (distinguishable from meteoric iron by the lack of nickel in the prod...
12: == The Iron Age in Africa and India ==
13: ...[East Africa]] ([http://www.wsu.edu:8080/~dee/CIVAFRCA/IRONAGE.HTM ''Washington State University'']) w... - Barge (1987 bytes)
11: *[[Liquid cargo barge]] (fresh water, finished petroleum products)
20: ...r being associated with it at all costs. A common variation is to say, "I wouldn't touch that with a ''(inser... - Hapy (2473 bytes)
5: ... at the southern edge of egypt (it actually comes from two lakes, one of which is [[Lake Victoria]]).
9: ...tured carrying offerings of food or pouring water from an [[amphora]], but was also depicted very rare...
12: :''Lightmaker who comes from the dark''
17: ... drink unceasingly, as thou descendest on thy way from the heavens''. - Animal (16429 bytes)
51: ... which ''animalia'' is the plural, and ultimately from ''anima'', meaning vital breath or soul.
57: ...During development it forms a relatively flexible framework upon which cells can move about and be reo...
63: ...produced without mating, or in some cases through fragmentation.
70: ...few small parasitic [[protist]]s. The name comes from the posterior location of the [[flagellum]] in ...
72: ...ssible they are not really animals at all. Aside from them, most animal phyla with known phyla make a... - Spider (29039 bytes)
11: ...er [[Mesothelae]]'''<br /> <!-- Families missing from this list: Microstigmatidae, Nemesiidae, Barych...
79: ... [[Liphistiidae]], rarely seen burrowing spiders from Asia. The study of spiders is known as [[arachn...
81: ... strong [[protein]] strand extruded by the spider from [[spinneret]]s on the end of the abdomen. All ...
106: ...age (Foelix, 1996). A spider does not transition from the nymph to the imago until it has become sexu...
114: ...s 'palpi'), the small, leg-like appendages on the front of his [[cephalothorax]], into the sperm, abso... - Influenza (10335 bytes)
4: ..., killing many millions of people. The name comes from the old medical belief in unfavourable [[astrol...
16: Yet further variation exists, thus specific influenza strain isolates a...
21: ...c]] (type A influenza, H1N1 strain), which lasted from [[1918]] to [[1919]] and is believed to have ki...
23: ...sequent to the 1968 infection. Increased immunity from [[antibody|antibodies]] and the development of ...
26: ...ratory system|respiratory tract]], is transmitted from person to person by saliva droplets expelled by... - Sun (20830 bytes)
10: ! align="left" | Mean distance from<br>Earth
21: ! align="left" | Mean distance from<br>[[Milky Way]] core
55: ! align="left" | [[Escape velocity]]<br> from the surface
122: ...onally referred to as '''Sol''' to distinguish it from other "suns". Planet [[Earth]] [[orbit]]s the ...
128: ...istance of about 25,000 to 28,000 [[light-year]]s from the [[galactic centre]], completing one revolut... - Climate (3049 bytes)
6: ...ord, it is harder to give a precise contradiction-free definition of climate: over a 30 year period, a...
30: * [[Solar variation]]. - Meteorology (19082 bytes)
10: ...' goes back to the book ''Meteorologica'' (dating from about [[340 BC]]) by [[Aristotle]], who combine...
14: ...Franklin]]'s kite experiments with [[lightning]]. Franklin was also the first American to keep accurat...
18: ...d]]. These were solved when [[Luke Howard]] and [[Francis Beaufort]] introduced their systems for clas...
20: ...]], introducing the idea of [[front (meteorology)|front]]s, that is, sharply defined boundaries betwee...
26: ...sable tool for studying a wide range of phenomena from forest fires to [[El Ni. - Flower (10503 bytes)
3: .... After fertilization, a flower develops into a [[fruit]] containing the seed(s).
6: ...he torus. The four main parts or whorls (starting from the base of the flower or lowest node and worki...
10: *'''''androecium''''' (from Greek ''andros oikia'': man's house) – on...
11: ...ecomes the pathway for '''pollen tubes''' to grow from pollen grains adhering to the stigma, to the ov...
13: ...lant species show a wide variety of modifications from this plan. These modifications have significan... - Tree (23723 bytes)
20: ...e tree, and used to date cores or even wood taken from trees in the past; this practice is known as th...
22: ...biomass and absorbing [[water]] and [[nutrients]] from the [[soil]]. Above ground, the trunk gives hei...
30: ...ly disregarded as unreliable, fantasy or outright fraud. The following are now accepted as the top fiv...
41: ...l. Some past exaggerated measurements also result from measuring the complete next-to-bark measurement...
45: ...y soft wood in their trunks. This leads to marked variation in their girth over the year, swelling to a maxim... - Animals (10378 bytes)
2: ...acteristics that define them and distinguish them from other life forms. Animals are divided into vari...
8: ... respond to their environment. This system ranges from simple nerve nets in cnidarians (jellyfish, for...
10: ...exual reproduction involves the fusion of gametes from two individuals, leading to genetic diversity.
11: ...ack cell walls, a feature that distinguishes them from plants and fungi. They have a more flexible cel...
18: ...During development it forms a relatively flexible framework upon which cells can move about and be reo... - Human (48024 bytes)
24: Humans have an erect body carriage that frees the upper limbs for manipulating objects, a hi...
30: ... [[state]]s down to [[Family|families]], and also from the [[community]] to the [[self]]. Seeking to [...
54: ...species of [[chimpanzee]]s should be reclassified from ''[[Pan troglodytes]]'' and ''[[Pan paniscus]]'...
56: ...had]] and seems to indicate an earlier divergence from the ape lineage.
58: ... genome is significantly affected by assimilation from archaic humans (i.e., 80% of loci may have some... - Carnivorous plant (44834 bytes)
29: ...e leaves are quite clearly evolutionarily derived from a simple
46: rolled-leaf tube, and protects it from rain. Possibly because of this improved
52: pitted with areolae, which are [[chlorophyll]]-free patches through which light can penetrate.
54: ...once inside, tire themselves out trying to escape from these false
63: that project from the base of the operculum over the entrance to ... - Robert Hooke (5017 bytes)
4: ...echanics|elasticity]], which describes the linear variation of [[tension]] with extension in an [[elastic]] s...
12: ... balance spring also regulates the flow of energy from the mainspring of a timepiece. It coils and unc...
27: *[http://freespace.virgin.net/ric.martin/vectis/hookeweb/robe...
29: *[http://freespace.virgin.net/iw.history/hooke/face.htm The F... - Eukaryote (9230 bytes)
17: ...r [[three-domain system|domain]]. The name comes from the Greek ''eus'' or true and ''karyon'' or nut...
25: ... membrane-bound organelles are ultimately derived from such vesicles.
27: ...tly, they generally enter vesicles, which bud off from the smooth section. In most eukaryotes, the pr...
33: ...a. They are now generally held to have developed from [[endosymbiosis|endosymbiotic]] prokaryotes, pr...
35: ...ted. Instead, some eukaryotes have obtained them from others through secondary endosymbiosis or inges... - Chloroplast (2430 bytes)
4: Chloroplasts convert light energy from the sun into [[Adenosine_triphosphate|ATP]] thr...
8: ... [[genome reduction|reduced]] compared to that of free-living cyanobacteria, but the parts that are st...
16: ...hloroplasts may be golden, brown, or red and show variation in the number of membranes and the presence of th... - Zoology (5641 bytes)
25: ...ution]], [[population genetics]], [[heredity]], [[variation]], [[Mendelism]], [[reproduction]]. - Evolution (27661 bytes)
1: [[Image:Charles Darwin.jpg|right|frame|[[Charles Darwin]], father of the theory of ev...
3: ...e in the frequency of [[allele]]s in a population from one generation to the next.
6: ...dern synthesis, "evolution" means a change in the frequency of an [[allele]] within a [[gene pool]]. T...
14: # The [[common descent]] of all [[organism]]s from a single ancestor.
18: ...t [[predictive power|powerful]] theory explaining variation and speciation, and within the [[science]] of [[b... - Saturn (planet) (23300 bytes)
137: '''Saturn''' is the sixth [[planet]] from the [[Sun]]. It is a [[gas giant]], the second-...
142: ...nterior, the droplets of helium releasing heat by friction as they fall down through the lighter hydro...
144: ...smaller storm was observed. Astronomers using [[infrared]] imaging have shown that Saturn has a warm p...
147: ...I'', based on [[radio astronomy|radio]] emissions from the planet, has a period of 10 h 39 min 22.4 s ...
165: ...e never part of a moon, but are instead left over from the original [[nebula]]r material that Saturn f... - Anthropology (23191 bytes)
1: ...ait that traditionally distinguished anthropology from other humanistic disciplines is an emphasis on ...
6: * [[linguistic anthropology]], which studies variation in [[language]] across time and space, the social...
18: ...y atomized and dispersed. As [[Karl Marx]] and [[Friedrich Engels]] observed in the [[1840s]]:
20: ...up indigenous raw material but raw material drawn from the remotest zones; industries whose products a...
24: ...eums alongside European art while artifacts from Africa or Native North American cultures were display... - Sundial (16148 bytes)
12: Minor design variations can measure standard and daylight saving time, a...
14: Sundials are known from ancient Egypt, and were developed further by ot...
24: ...rection table, and must be adjusted for longitude from the center of the time zone. The admittedly in...
26: ...solar time]] to clock time. There is a 15 minute variation through the year, known as the [[equation of time...
34: The sun casts a shadow from the gnomon to a surface called the ''dial face'... - Christianity (47078 bytes)
6: ...term "Christ" to describe Jesus, which is derived from the [[Greek language|Greek]] translation for "M...
8: ...lly grouped into three main branches, which split from one another in disputes over doctrine:
14: ... but not [[Restorationism]]) derive their beliefs from the conclusions reached by the Council of Nicea...
29: ...stles and other followers claimed that Jesus rose from the dead, and set out to [[preach]] the new mes...
35: * via [[Egypt]] into [[North Africa]], [[Sudan]] and [[Ethiopia]]
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