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- Old Kingdom (5401 bytes)
2: ...d "Kingdom" periods which mark the high points of civilisation in the Nile Valley (the others being the [...
10: ...story/herlin/textsup.htm#_ftn18 ''ANCIENT AFRICAN CIVILIZATIONS TO ca. 1500: Pharaonic Egypt to Ca. 800 B...
22: ...nd also caused famines. But regional autonomy and civil wars were not the only causes of this decline. Th...
24: ... themselves confronted with the worst excesses of civil war, which devoured the Old Kingdom after the ver... - President of the United States (42878 bytes)
54: ...was the first president born after the [[American Civil War]]. Lee surrendered [[9 April]] [[1865]]. - Thomas Jefferson (31127 bytes)
25: ...any other contributions to American political and civil culture. The [[Continental Congress]] delegated t...
147: ...iews on persons of other faiths undermine all our civil rights. Moreover, state support of the church ten...
155: ...all in no wise diminish, enlarge, or affect their civil capacities."
157: ...mple of a priest-ridden people maintaining a free civil government" (Letter to [[Alexander von Humboldt]]... - Andrew Jackson (23546 bytes)
18: ... the [[War of 1812]] and the [[American Civil War|Civil War]]. - John Tyler (18019 bytes)
65: ...of the laws of Rhode-Island, by such force as the civil peace shall be unable to overcome, it will be the...
150: ...ton peace convention sought a compromise to avoid civil war, while the [[Confederate States Constitution|... - Millard Fillmore (12296 bytes)
62: ...can, Party]]. Throughout the [[American Civil War|Civil War]] he opposed [[Abraham Lincoln|President Linc... - Franklin Pierce (19017 bytes)
20: ...ica|Confederacy]] during the [[American Civil War|Civil War]]. He died in 1869 from [[cirrhosis]].
70: ... woman while driving a carriage drunk. During the Civil War, Pierce further damaged his reputation by dec... - James Buchanan (15634 bytes)
50: ...om [[sliding]] into [[schism]] and the [[American Civil War]] and as a result, he is widely considered to...
82: ...gned, he appointed northerners, and chartered the civilian steamer ''[[Star of the West]]'' to secretly c...
84: As such, the first shots of the American Civil War were fired during the Buchanan Administration...
143: * [[Origins of the American Civil War]] - Abraham Lincoln (48771 bytes)
44: ...undaries. These events soon led to the [[American Civil War]].
50: ...s [[assassination]], shortly after the end of the Civil War, made him a [[martyr]] to millions of America...
121: ==Important non-Civil War measures of Lincoln's first term==
130: ==Civil War and reconstruction==
147: ... successful in giving the war meaning to Northern civilians through his oratorical skills. Despite his me... - Andrew Johnson (12662 bytes)
42: ...s towards the defeated rebels and his vetoes of [[civil rights]] bills embroiled him in a bitter dispute ...
105: ... the military and ensuring the local passage of [[civil rights]] laws and otherwise imposing the will of ...
107: ...nton. The Act said, "...every person holding any civil office, to which he has been appointed by and wit... - Ulysses S. Grant (23281 bytes)
22: ...nion army | Union]] [[general]] in the [[American Civil War]] and the 18th ([[1869]]–[[1877]]) [[Pr...
39: ...1854]], he resigned from the army. Seven years of civilian life followed, in which he was a farmer, a rea...
43: ... Army]] its first major victory of the [[American Civil War]] by capturing [[Battle of Fort Henry|Fort He...
54: ...e warring sides. Within a few weeks, the American Civil War was effectively over, although minor actions ...
72: ...ed in [[1873]], it became the role model for the "Civil Service Commission" instituted in [[1883]] by Pre... - Chester A. Arthur (12210 bytes)
20: ...le achievements in office as President included [[civil service]] reform and the passage of the [[Pendlet...
31: During the [[American Civil War|Civil War]], Arthur served as acting [[quartermaster]] ...
40: ...t of New York became, as President, a champion of civil service reform. Public pressure, heightened by th...
42: ...the Pendleton Act, which established a bipartisan Civil Service Commission, forbade levying political ass...
103: * [[Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act]] (1883) - Grover Cleveland (20963 bytes)
29: ...can]] political domination between the [[American Civil War]] and the election of [[Woodrow Wilson]] in [...
46: ...d hundreds of private pension bills to [[American Civil War]] veterans whose claims were fraudulent. When... - Africa (35389 bytes)
37: ...f the earliest nation states ever formed. Other [[civilization]]s include [[Ethiopia]], the [[Nubian king...
59: ...fe, this divide initiated by the Belgiums created civil war and unrest between those identified as Hutu a...
77: ...ng among African organisations and states. In the civil war in the [[Democratic Republic of Congo]] (form...
105: ...s, the [[Berbers]], and [[Nubians]] who developed civilizations in North Africa during ancient times. The...
145: ...g Egypt, [[Ancient Rome|Rome]] and the [[Etruscan civilization|Etruscan city-states]] were worshipped. - United States (58223 bytes)
60: ...s Constitution|13th Amendment]] took effect. The Civil War effectively ended the question of a state's r...
66: In addition to the Civil War, another major traumatic experience for the n...
392: ...oup]]s. Some examples of these are the various [[Civil Rights Act]]s, the [[Americans with Disabilities ...
419: ...artin Luther King, Jr. Day]] || Honors the late [[civil rights]] leader. Few non-governmental organizatio...
446: ...r]] | [[Vietnam War]] | [[Civil Rights Movement | Civil Rights]]) | [[Foreign relations of the United Sta... - Canada (35540 bytes)
146: ...except in Quebec where [[civil law (legal system)|civil law]] predominates. Though enforcement is a prov... - Economy of Afghanistan (14517 bytes)
4: ... The [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] invasion and ensuing civil war destroyed much of the underdeveloped country'...
13: The war against the Soviet Union and the ensuing civil war also led to migration to the cities and refug...
32: ...y stemming from the Soviet occupation and ensuing civil war. Today, economic recovery and long-term devel... - United Arab Emirates (10825 bytes)
65: ...em; all emirates have secular and Islamic law for civil, criminal, and high courts. - Nigeria (19231 bytes)
69: ...mat Mohammed]] to power, who promised a return to civilian rule. However, he was killed in an abortive co...
197: ...ergoing substantial economic reform under the new civilian administration. Nigeria's former military rule...
259: *[[Nigerian civil war]] - Algeria (16548 bytes)
72: ...ple were killed, often in unprovoked massacres of civilians by guerrilla groups such as the [[Armed Islam... - Jordan (20715 bytes)
90: ...des for three categories of courts--[[civil court|civil]], religious, and special. Administratively, Jord...
134: ...y. In 1996, Jordan and the United States signed a civil aviation agreement that provides for "open skies"... - Netherlands (35958 bytes)
132: ...ry and is considered by the [[American Society of Civil Engineers]] as one of the [[Seven Wonders of the ... - Andorra (11532 bytes)
77: ...in Andorra to prevent influences of the [[Spanish Civil War]] and Franco's Spain.
135: * [[Civil unions in Andorra]] - Turkey (41694 bytes)
50: ...omeland of and battleground between several great civilizations, and a centre of commerce. Turkey borders...
84: ...ts of first instance have jurisdiction over major civil suits and serious crimes. Any conviction in a cri... - Eritrea (12964 bytes)
62: ...nnexed by [[Ethiopia]], starting a 30-year long [[civil war]]. - Greece (54754 bytes)
1: ... by many as the cradle of [[Western world|Western civilization]] and the birthplace of [[democracy]], Gre...
52: Regarded as the cradle of [[western world|western civilization]] and being the birthplace of [[democracy]...
65: ...irst civilizations in Europe, namely the [[Minoan civilization|Minoan]] and the [[Mycenae]]n. After this...
76: ...e battle of [[Manzikert]] in 1071 and the ensuing civil wars largely passed the region by, and Greece con...
102: ... [[paratroop]]s. Allied forces, along with Cretan civilians, however, offered fierce resistance. Although... - People's Republic of China (40848 bytes)
13: After [[World War II]], the [[Chinese Civil War]] between the [[Communist Party of China]] an...
27: ...ss differences and rivalries, has no tradition of civil participation, and limited rule of law. Opponents...
219: ...taught in schools and was even part of imperial [[civil service examinations]]. However, the term Confuci...
223: ...ds these as important achievements of the Chinese civilization, and emphasizes them as being important in... - Historical capital of China (5927 bytes)
24: ...t of Chiang's ROC government during the [[Chinese civil war]] with the [[Communist Party of China]].
26: ...t of Chiang's ROC government during the [[Chinese civil war]] with the [[Communist Party of China]].
30: ...t of Chiang's ROC government during the [[Chinese civil war]] with the [[Communist Party of China]]. - Lebanon (34225 bytes)
80: === Civil War, (1975-1990) ===
81: {{seemain|Lebanese Civil War}}
83: ...ddle East]] before the outbreak of the [[Lebanese Civil War]].
85: ... presence of Palestinian refugees, and full-scale civil war broke out in April 1975, leaving the nation w...
101: ...ward a sense of normality and stability. Lebanese civil society enjoys significantly more freedoms than e... - Germany (46412 bytes)
126: ...re are a series of specialist supreme courts; for civil and criminal cases the highest court of appeal is... - Switzerland (22270 bytes)
57: In [[1847]], a civil war broke out between the Catholic and the Protes...
59: As a consequence of the civil war, Switzerland adopted a federal [[constitution... - Kyrgyzstan (23226 bytes)
97: ...the participation of a broad range of government, civil, and social representatives in an open dialogue, ... - Guinea-Bissau (9517 bytes)
65: ...o the president's ousting and the [[Guinea-Bissau Civil War]]. Elections were held in [[2000]] and [[Kumb...
99: ...ishing economy was badly disrupted by the 1998-99 civil war. It has a foreign [[debt]] of $US 921 million... - Republic of the Congo (9324 bytes)
47: ...elected government installed in [[1992]]. A brief civil war in [[1997]] restored former Marxist President...
92: ...form program came to a halt in June [[1997]] when civil war erupted. When Sassou-Nguesso returned to powe... - Hungary (18459 bytes)
61: ...pean culture with ties to greater West European [[civilisation]]. [[Matthias Corvinus of Hungary|Matthias...
65: ...848–1849 eliminated [[serfdom]] and secured civil rights. The Austrians were finally able to prevai... - East Timor (13677 bytes)
66: ...ve international program led by the UN, manned by civilian advisers, 5,000 peacekeepers (8,000 at peak) a...
68: ...nfrastructure and the strengthening of the infant civil administration. One promising long-term project i... - Djibouti (8746 bytes)
66: A civil war led by [[Afar]] rebels in the early [[1990s]]...
104: ... the last seven years because of [[recession]], [[civil war]], and a high [[population growth rate]] (inc...
111: ... different population groups was the cause of the civil war in the early [[1990s]]. - Republic of Ireland (25543 bytes)
73: The [[Irish Civil War]] was the direct consequence of the creation ... - Tajikistan (10867 bytes)
62: ...er ethnicities and groups during the [[Tajikistan Civil War]]. In [[1997]] a cease-fire was reached betwe...
67: ...after independence, Tajikistan was plunged into a civil war that saw various factions, allegedly backed b...
100: ...reintegrated former civil war combatants into the civilian economy, thus helping keep the peace. Internat...
112: ...kistan's fight against Soviet rule and during its civil war. Historically, a lot of Tajik culture ties it... - Sierra Leone (10596 bytes)
58: ... the early [[1980s]]—became involved in a [[civil war]] in [[1991]], with the [[Revolutionary Unite...
62: ...re the catalyst for a ceasefire and ending of the civil war.
91: ... hamper economic development, following a 10-year civil war. About two-thirds of the working-age populati... - Botswana (22276 bytes)
73: ...custom and law. Botswana's High Court has general civil and criminal jurisdiction. [[Judges]] are appoint... - Guatemala (8475 bytes)
60: ...Guatemala was the heart of the flourishing [[Maya civilization]].
95: ...rds in December [[1996]], which ended 36 years of civil war, removed a major obstacle to foreign investme... - Vietnam (18265 bytes)
19: ...ese communities have supported demonstrations and civil disobedience against the government. The most pro... - Zimbabwe (16088 bytes)
28: ...> - Declared<br/> - Recognised|| [[Rhodesian Civil War]]<br>''(as Rhodesia)'' [[November 11|Nov. 11]...
46: ...g state, attest the existence of a medieval Bantu civilization in the region. Linked to the establishment...
58: === Civil War ===
62: ...]] in an attempt to negotiate a settlement in the civil war. - Finland (29511 bytes)
61: ...l wars [[Russian Civil War|in Russia]], [[Finnish Civil War|in Finland]] and [[nationalist activism|activ...
63: ...at coloured domestic politics for many years. The Civil War was chiefly fought between "the whites", supp...
82: ... between [[court (judicial)|courts]] with regular civil and criminal jurisdiction and administrative cour... - Solomon Islands (9265 bytes)
63: ... an almost complete breakdown in normal activity: civil servants remained unpaid for months at a time, an... - Pakistan (74854 bytes)
54: ...[History of Pakistan]]''' (Including pre-history, civilizations of the region, and modern events to date)...
57: ...hwest of [[Sukkur]], was center of [[Indus Valley Civilization]], 2600 BCE – 1800 BCE]]
59: ...tory. Pakistan was the site of the [[Indus Valley civilization]] and was subsequently conquered by many g...
83: ...d violent political repression escalated into a [[civil war]] (see [[Bangladesh Liberation War]]) in [[Ea...
130: ...an was involved in a [[Bangladesh Liberation War| civil war]] which led the secession of East Pakistan, n... - Israel (51605 bytes)
147: ...Court is regarded by many as Israel's guardian of civil rights, but by others as the most activist Suprem...
152: ...ence, but in some parts has borrowed heavily from civil law tradition.
162: ...cked by religious parties (see below). Currently, civil marriages are only officially sanctioned if perfo... - Afghanistan (23568 bytes)
171: ...maining individual. Many of these fled during the civil war in 90's to the neighboring countries and to E...
198: ...decades of [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] occupation and civil war. Only half of the schools were reported to ha... - Uganda (11554 bytes)
85: ...g prices of [[petroleum]] products, and improving civil service wages. The policy changes are especially ...
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