This article is intended to be an 'analytic glossary', or alternatively, an organized collection of annotated pointers. See List of cryptography topics for an alphabetical listing of cryptography articles.
Classical ciphers
Famous ciphertexts
Attacks on classical ciphers
Modern algorithms, methods evaluation and selection projects
Standards organizations
- the Federal Information Processing Standards Publication program (run by NIST to produce standards in many areas to guide operations of the US Federal government; many FIPS Pubs are cryptography related, ongoing)
- the ANSI standardization process (produces many standards in many areas; some are cryptography related, ongoing)
- ISO standardization process (produces many standards in many areas; some are cryptography related, ongoing)
- IEEE standardization process (produces many standards in many areas; some are cryptography related, ongoing)
- IETF standardization process (produces many standards (called RFCs) in many areas; some are cryptography related, ongoing)
See Cryptography standards
Cryptographic organizations
- NSA internal evaluation/selections (surely extensive, nothing is publicly known of the process or its results for internal use; NSA is charged with assisting NIST in its cryptographic responsibilities)
- GCHQ internal evaluation/selections (surely extensive, nothing is publicly known of the process or its results for GCHQ use; a division of GCHQ is charged with developing and recommending cryptographic standards for the UK government)
- Communications Security Establishment (CSE) — Canadian intelligence agency.
Open efforts
- the DES selection (NBS selection process, ended 1976)
- the RIPE division of the RACE project (sponsored by the European Union, ended mid-'80s)
- the AES competition (a 'break-off' sponsored by NIST; ended 2001)
- the NESSIE Project (evaluation/selection program sponsored by the European Union; ended 2002)
- the CRYPTREC program (Japanese government sponsored evaluation/recommendation project; draft recommendations published 2003)
- the Internet Engineering Task Force (technical body responsible for Internet standards -- the Request for Comment series: ongoing)
- the CrypTool project (eLearning programme in English and German; freeware; exhaustive educational tool about cryptography and cryptanalysis)
Public key / private key encryption algorithms (aka asymmetric key algorithms)
Public key / private key signature algorithms
Key authentication
Anonymous identification scheme
- GPS (NESSIE selection anonymous identification scheme; Ecole Normale Supérieure, France Télécom, & La Poste)
- Block ciphers
- Block cipher modes of operation
- Product cipher
- Feistel cipher (block cypher design pattern by Horst Feistel)
- Advanced Encryption Standard (128 bit block; NIST selection for the AES, FIPS 197, 2001 -- by Joan Daemen and Vincent Rijmen; NESSIE selection; CRYPTREC recommendation)
- Anubis (128-bit block)
- BEAR (block cypher built from stream cypher and hash function, by Ross Anderson)
- Blowfish (128 bit block; by Bruce Schneier, et al)
- Camellia (128 bit block; NESSIE selection (NTT & Mitsubishi Electric); CRYPTREC recommendation)
- CAST-128 (CAST5) (64 bit block; one of a series of algorithms by Carlisle Adams and Stafford Tavares, who are insistent (indeed, adamant) that the name is not due to their initials)
- CAST-256 (CAST6) (128-bit block; the successor to CAST-128 and a candidate for the AES competition)
- CIPHERUNICORN-A (128 bit block; CRYPTREC recommendation)
- CIPHERUNICORN-E (64 bit block; CRYPTREC recommendation (limited))
- CMEA — cipher used in US cellphones, found to have weaknesses.
- CS-Cipher (64 bit block)
- Data Encryption Standard (DES) (64 bit block; FIPS 46-3, 1976)
- DEAL — an AES candidate derived from DES
- DES-X A variant of DES to increase the key size.
- FEAL
- GDES — a DES variant designed to speed up encryption.
- Grand Cru (128 bit block)
- Hierocrypt-3 (128 bit block; CRYPTREC recommendation))
- Hierocrypt-L1 (64 bit block; CRYPTREC recommendation (limited))
- International Data Encryption Algorithm (IDEA) (64 bit block -- James Massey & X Lai of ETH Zurich)
- Iraqi Block Cipher (IBC)
- KASUMI (64-bit block; based on MISTY1, adopted for next generation W-CDMA cellular phone security)
- KHAZAD (64-bit block designed by Barretto and Rijmen)
- Khufu and Khafre (64-bit block ciphers)
- LION (block cypher built from stream cypher and hash function, by Ross Anderson)
- LOKI89/91 (64-bit block ciphers)
- LOKI97 (128-bit block cipher, AES candidate)
- Lucifer (by Tuchman et al of IBM, early 1970s; modified by NSA/NBS and released as DES)
- MAGENTA (AES candidate)
- Mars (AES finalist, by Don Coppersmith et al)
- MISTY1 (NESSIE selection 64-bit block; Mitsubishi Electric (Japan); CRYPTREC recommendation (limited))
- MISTY2 (128 bit block: Mitsubishi Electric (Japan))
- Nimbus (64 bit block)
- Noekeon (128 bit block)
- NUSH (variable block length (64 - 256 bits))
- Q (128 bit block)
- RC2 64-bit block, variable key length.
- RC6 (variable block length; AES finalist, by Ron Rivest et al)
- RC5 (by Ron Rivest)
- SAFER (variable block length)
- SC2000 (128 bit block; CRYPTREC recommendation)
- Serpent (128 bit block; AES finalist by Ross Anderson, Eli Biham, Lars Knudsen)
- SHACAL-1 (256-bit block)
- SHACAL-2 (256-bit block cypher; NESSIE selection Gemplus (France))
- Shark (grandfather of Rijndael/AES, by Daemen and Rijmen)
- Square (father of Rijndael/AES, by Daemen and Rijmen)
- 3-Way (96 bit block by Joan Daemen)
- TEA (by David Wheeler & Roger Needham)
- Triple DES (by Walter Tuchman, leader of the Lucifer design team -- not all triple uses of DES increase security, Tuchman's does; CRYPTREC recommendation (limited), only when used as in FIPS Pub 46-3)
- Twofish (128 bit block; AES finalist by Bruce Schneier, et al)
- XTEA (by David Wheeler & Roger Needham)
- Polyalphabetic substitution machine cyphers
- Enigma (WWII German rotor cypher machine -- many variants, many user networks for most of the variants)
- Purple (highest security WWII Japanese Foreign Office cypher machine; by Japanese Navy Captain)
- SIGABA (WWII US cypher machine by William Friedman, Frank Rowlett, et al)
- TypeX (WWII UK cypher machine)
- Hybrid code/cypher combinations
- JN-25 (WWII Japanese Navy superencyphered code; many variants)
- Naval Cypher 3 (superencrypted code used by the Royal Navy in the 30s and into WWII)
- EKMS NSA's Electronic Key Management System
- FNBDT NSA's secure narrow band voice standard
- Fortezza encryption based on portable crypto token in PC Card format
- KW-26 ROMULUS teletype encryptor (1960s - 1980s)
- KY-57 VINSON tactical radio voice encryption
- SINCGARS tactical radio with cryptographically controlled frequency hopping
- STE secure telephone
- STU-III older secure telephone
- TEMPEST prevents compromising emanations
- Type 1 products
Breaking ciphers
Weak key issues
Key transport/exchange
Anonymous communication
Legal issues
Terminology
Books and publications
Cryptographers
Uses of cryptographic techniques
Misc
Free / open-source cryptosystems (ie, algorithms + protocols + system design)
- PGP (a name for any of several related crypto systems, some of which, beginning with the acquisition of the name by Network Associates, have not been Free Software in the GNU sense)
- FileCrypt (an open source/commercial command line version of PGP from Veridis of Denmark, see PGP)
- GPG (an open source implementation of the OpenPGP IETF standard crypto system)
- SSH (Secure SHell implementing cryptographically protected variants of several common Unix utilities, First developed as open source in Finland by Tatu Ylonen. There is now OpenSSH, an open source implementation supporting both SSH v1 and SSH v2 protocols. There are also commercial implementations.
- IPsec (Internet Protocol Security IETF standard, a mandatory component of the IPv6 IETF standard)
- Free S/WAN (an open source implementation of IPsec)zh:密码学主题列表
