Timeline of Polish history

Timeline of Polish History

Dates and most important events in Polish history from prehistoric times up to the present day.

c.960 
Mieszko I assumes rule in Poland
966 
Christianization of Mieszko I and Poland
968 
First bishopric in Poland - Poznan, Jordan became first bishop of Poland.
972 
Mieszko's victorious battle of Cedynia over margrave Hodon
992 
Death of Mieszko I
992-1025 
Reign of Bolesław I Chrobry (the Brave)
997 
Death of St.Adalbert of Prague during the christianization of Prussians
1000 
The Congress of Gniezno, with participation of the Emperor Otto III
1000 
Archbishopric founded in Gniezno with sufragan bishoprics in Kolobrzeg, Wroclaw, and Cracow
1025 
Coronation of Bolesław I Chrobry as the King of Poland
1034-1058 
Reign of Casimir the Restorer
1034-1039 
People's rebellion and invasion of the Czech prince, Brzetyslav.
1076 
Coronation of Bolesław the Bold for the king of Poland
1079-1102 
Reign of prince Ladislas
1102-1138 
Reign of prince Boleslav the Wrymouthed (Boleslav Krzywousty)
1106-1107 
War between Boleslav the Wrymouthed and his brother Zbigniew
1138 
Following Bolesław's death, in accordance with his will, Poland is split into five main provinces, one for each of his sons, with the senior holding also the "royal" province between Greater and Little Poland. Beginning of regional disintegration which continues until 1320.
1146-1173 
Boleslav the Curly is the senior prince in Cracow
1226 
Konrad of Mazovia asks Teutonic Knights, recently expelled from Hungary by Andrew II, to settle in Poland and gives them land in northern Mazovia, in addition to any territory they can wrest from the pagan Prussians and Lithuanians. The christianization of Prussia begins
1241 
The Mongol invasion cuts a wide swath of destruction through southern Poland; Cracow is besieged.
In July, the host of the Silesian princes is met and routed at the battle of Legnica, a defeat accompanied by the death of overlord Henry II the Pious.
1252 
Lebus Land lost to Brandenburg
1295 
Coronation of Przemysl II for the king of Poland in Gniezno; shortly after, he is murdered in a bathhouse.
1300 
Coronation of Waclav II, king of Bohemia, as the king of Poland
1305 
Death of Waclav II, his son Waclav III becomes the king of Poland
1306 
Waclaw III is killed by an assassin while travelling to Cracow to inaugurate his reign in Poland
1306-1333 
Reign of Wladyslaw the Elbow High (Wladyslaw Lokietek)
1308-1309 
The Teutonic Knights drive out the Brandenburgians who captured Gdańsk, but hold the city for themselves. Wladyslaw the Elbow High, caught up with the situation in Little Poland, particularly the conspiracy led by Albert, the Cracow mayor, cannot intervene.
1320 
Coronation of Wladislaw the Elbow High and reunion of most of the Polish lands
1327-1332 
War against the Teutonic Order
1331 
Battle of Plowce
1343 
Peace treaty with the Teutonic Order in Kalisz
1370 
Death of Casimir the Great ends Piast Dynasty
1370-1382 
Reign of Louis I of Hungary
1385 
Personal union with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania following marriage of Polish princess Jadwiga with the Grand Duke of Lithuania Wladyslaw Jagiello
1386-1434 
Reign of Wladyslaw Jagiello, beginning of Jagiellonian dynasty in Poland
1387 
Formal christianization of Lithuania
1409-1411 
War with Teutonic Knights
1410 July 15 
Victorious battle of Grunwald (Tannenberg) with Teutonic Knights
1411 February 
First peace treaty of Torun with Teutonic Order
1434-1444 
Reign of Wladislaw III
1444 
Battle of Varna against the Ottoman Empire and death of Wladislaw III
1454 February 
Prussian Confederation of cities and gentry revolts against rule of Teutonic Knights, and (March) accepts Polish sovereignty
1454-1466 
Thirteen Years' War of Poland and Prussian Confederation against Teutonic Knights
1466 October 
Second Treaty of Thorn: the Teutonic Order cedes western (henceforth Royal) Prussia to Poland; eastern (later Ducal) Prussia remains under control of the Order, as a Polish fief.
1474 
First Polish printed text (in Cracow)
1492-1501 
Reign of Jan Olbracht
1569 
Administrative union of Lublin creates the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (Rzeczpospolita)
1572 
Death of Sigismund II, the last king of the Jagiellonian Dynasty
1573 
Election of Henry of Valois as King of Poland
1575 
Stephen Báthory becomes King of Poland
1582 
The peace treaty in Jam Zapolski ends the Livonian war.
1610 
Polish-Lithuanian forces occupy Moscow
1620 
War with the Ottoman Empire
1655-1660 
Invasion of Poland by the Army of Charles X of Sweden in the Northern Wars, known in Poland as "the Deluge"
1683 September 12 
Polish king John III Sobieski defeats Turkish Army near Vienna
1768 
The Confederation of Bar
1772 
The First Partition of Poland: Austria receives Galicia, the Kingdom of Prussia gains West Prussia, and Imperial Russia gains Vitebsk, Mogilev and Gomel
1791 May 3 
Proclamation of the May Constitution of Poland
1793 
The Second Partition of Poland: Russia gains Podolia, eastern Volhynia and most of modern Belarus, while Prussia gains Greater Poland
1794 March 
The national insurrection led by Tadeusz Kosciuszko
1795 
The Third Partition of Poland: Russia gains Curonia, Lithuania, western Belarus and western Volhynia, while Prussia receives the land to the north and west of Warsaw, and Austria the land to the south and east of the city.
1795 November 25 
The kingdom of Poland comes to an end with the abdication of Stanislaus II
1807 
The Grand Duchy of Warsaw is created under Napoleons tutelage from the territories annexed by Prussia in 1793 and 1795
1809 
The Grand Duchy gains the area annexed by Austria in 1795
1813 
Poland is occupied by Russian troops, bringing the Grand Duchy to an end
1815 
Most of the former Grand Duchy (excluding the Poznan and Torun districts) become the Kingdom of Poland under the rule of the Tsar of Russia.
1830 November 29 
The November Uprising against occupation of Poland
1832 February 26 
Russian-occupied Poland is stripped of its separate administration
1846 February 22 
Krakow Uprising: the city is annexed by Austria in November
1863 January 22 
The January Uprising against occupation of Poland: fighting continues into 1864
1914 August 
Outbreak of World War I: Marshal Pilsudski's troops fight with German and Austrian troops against Russia
1916 November 5 
Germany and Austria-Hungary proclaim an independent kingdom of Poland, in practice under German control
1917 July 
Pilsudski imprisoned at Madgeburg after supporting Polish soldiers who refused to swear brotherhood with their German and Austrian counterparts
1918 March 3 
Russia signs Treaty of Brest-Litovsk renouncing sovereignty over Poland. The rise of independent Second Polish Republic
1918 November 11 
Poland regains independence
1918-1919 
Uprising in Greater Poland region for liberation from German administration
1920 April 25-October 12 
Polish-bolshevik war. Poland avoids Soviet conquest and gains a narrow victory
1921 March 17 
Proclamation of the March Constitution
1921 March 18 
Treaty of Riga
1926 May 12-14 
Coup d'etat by Jozef Pilsudski. He is behind the government that rules until 1939
1935 May 12 
Pilsudski dies: Marshal Rydz-Smigly becomes leader of regime
1938 October 
Zaolzie or Cieszyn Silesia area was re-annexed by Poland from Czechoslovakia in accord with the Munich Agreement
1939 September 1 
Germany invades Poland - the beginning of WWII
1939 September 17 
Soviet troops invade and then occupy eastern Poland
1940-41 
Soviet Union incarcerates 1.5 million Poles in labor camps and executes thousands of prisoners of war before ceding Polish lands to Germans
1941-44 
All Polish territory comes under Nazi occupation, taking savage toll of Polish lives. Poland becomes main killing ground of the Holocaust. Polish resistance movements active at home and abroad
1943 
Discovery of Katyn Massacre causes breach between Soviet Union and Polish government-in-exile
1944 August 1-October 2 
The Warsaw Uprising. The resistance Polish Home Army receives no Soviet assistance and is crushed by Nazis
1944 July 22 
Communist-dominated Polish National Liberation Committee is formed in Lublin on land liberated by Soviet and Polish troops
1944 December 31 
National Liberation Committee establishes provisional government
1945 
Red Army liberates Polish territories and establishes communist-dominated coalition government
1947 
Communists consolidate political monopoly after rigged elections
1947-1949 
Sovietization occurs, including nationalization of industry and business, attacks on organized religion, and imprisonment of opposition leaders
1948-1956 
Stalinist period brings most severe communist rule; adoption of Soviet-style constitution; attempted collectivization of agriculture
1948 December 20 
Communist (Workers) Party merges with left wing of Socialist Party as Polish United Workers Party (PZPR)
1956 June 28 
Worker riots in Poznan result in numerous deaths. In defiance of Soviet Union, Władysław Gomułka chosen as Polish Communist Party leader. He announces commitment to reform and liberalization of system.
1956 October 
Gomułka appointed leader of United Workers Party
1970 December 
Protests lead to Gomułka's replacement by Edward Gierek
1980 August 31 
victory of Solidarity Trade Union strike led by Lech Wałęsa in Gdańsk, a 21-point agreement with the Communist government signed
1981 December 13 
Communist authorities led by prime minister General Wojciech Jaruzelski proclaim martial law
1983 July 
Lifting of the state of martial law in Poland
1989 June 4 
The first free postwar general elections (with some reservations) in Poland return a pro-Solidarity majority
1989 September 12 
The first non-communist-dominated government in Poland since the war
1990 December 9 
Wałęsa elected President of Poland
1992 
The last Soviet troops leave Poland
1997 April 2 
New Constitution adopted
1999 March 12 
Poland becomes a member of NATO
2004 May 1
Poland enters the European Union

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