Satire

Satire is a literary technique of writing or art which principally ridicules its subject (for example, individuals, organizations, or states) often as an intended means of provoking or preventing change. In Celtic societies, it was thought a bard's satire could have physical effects, similar to a curse. A satirist is one who satirizes.

Satire is not exclusive to any viewpoint. Parody is a form of humor that imitates another work of art in an exaggerated fashion for comic effect, usually deriding the subject of the parody in the process. Although the techniques of satire and parody often overlap, they are not synonymous. Satires need not be humorous - indeed, they are often tragic - while parodies are almost inevitably humorous. Parodies are imitative by definition, while satires need not be. Humorous satires often base the humor on the juxtaposition between the satire and reality. The main intent of satire is political, social, or moral and not comic. The humor of such a satire tends to be subtle, using irony and deadpan humor liberally.

Satire can also be segregated into two distinct categories: High burlesque, or taking subject matter which is crude in nature and treating it in a lofty style, or low burlesque, taking subject matter traditionally dealt with in an epic or poetic fashion and degrading it.

Satire in Pop Culture and Public Media

Some works of satire are subtle enough in their exaggeration that they still seem believable to many people. The satiric nature of these works may be lost on the public at large, and there have been instances where the author or producers of a satirical work have been harshly criticized as a result. In 2002 the British network Channel 4 aired a satiric mockumentary entitled Paedogeddon in the Brass Eye series, which was intended to mock and satirize the fascination of modern journalism with child molestors and paedophiles. The TV network received an enormous number of complaints from members of the public, who were outraged that the show would mock a subject considered by many to be too "serious" to be the subject of humor. The movie This is Spinal Tap, a spoof of rockumentaries, about a fictitious and ridiculous hard rock band was mistaken for a non-fiction by some critics.

On occasion, satire can cause social change when used to make a political or social point (although simply revealing absurdities to the public, as opposed to the quality of the satire, may be the actual cause of any consequences). For instance, the comic strip Doonesbury satirized a Florida county that had a racist law that minorities had to have a passcard in the area; the law was soon repealed with an act nicknamed the Doonesbury Act. In the 2000 Canadian federal election campaign, a Canadian Alliance proposal for a mechanism to require a referendum in response to a petition of sufficient size was satirized by the television show This Hour Has 22 Minutes so effectively that it was discredited and soon dropped.

Satire enjoyed a renaissance in the UK in the early 1960s with the Satire Boom, led by such luminaries as Peter Cook, Alan Bennett, Jonathan Miller, David Frost, Eleanor Bron and Dudley Moore and the television programme That Was The Week That Was.

Notable examples of satire

• Ovid The Art of Love
• Juvenal (c. A.D. 55-140) - 16 Satires
• Petronius (c. A.D. 55-140) - Satirae
• Nigel of Canterbury - Speculum Stultorum (Mirror for Fools), 12th c. satire of monks and universities
• De Nugis Curialibus (The Courtiers' Jests), 12th c. satire of life at court in England
• Jonathan Swift - A Tale of a Tub, Gulliver's Travels and A Modest Proposal.
• Alexander Pope - Rape of the Lock
• Bill Hicks - The late Hicks was a revolutionary satirist and stand-up comedian.
• Voltaire - Candide, satirizing optimism
• George Orwell - Nineteen Eighty-Four, a dystopia, a form of literature which also commonly has satire.
• Anatole France - Penguin Island, a utopia
• Aldous Huxley - Brave New World, a dystopia
• Mark Twain - Later works, notably The Man Who Corrupted Hadleyburg
• Flannery O'Connor - Wise Blood, satirizing contemporary religious attitudes
• Thomas Nast - Political cartoons against Boss Tweed
• Stanley Kubrick - Movies Doctor Strangelove and A Clockwork Orange.
• Robert Clark Young - controversial novel, One of the Guys
• Dario Fo - Accidental Death of an Anarchist
• le Canard Enchaîné publishes satirical cartoons and columns along with well-researched information on French political or economic life.
• Private Eye
• Kurt Vonnegut Jr. - Cat's Cradle is a political satire, adopting a sci-fi motif.
• Chuck Palahniuk - Fight Club, a satire of masculinity, consumerism, and nihilism.
• The Onion and The Daily Show, satires of the American news media
• The Landover Baptist Church - Internet parody of Christian fundamentalism
• Don DeLillo - White Noise, satire of consumerism and modern societybg:Сатира

da:Satire de:Satire fr:Satire he:סאטירה nl:Satire no:Satire pl:Satyra pt:Sátira sv:Satir