Origins of chess
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The origins of chess is one of the most controversial areas of board gaming history. Countries which, at one time or the other, have been associated with invention of chess include China, India, Egypt, Greece, Assyria, Persia, Arabia, Ireland and Uzbekistan.
Chess was probably invented in northwest India, where it was called Chaturanga, in the6th century AD. The chessboard may have earlier been used for a race-game called ashtāpada.
Chess quickly found its way to Persia, where its name changed to Shatranj, and the names of its pieces were translated into Persian. Although the existing evidence is weak, it is commonly speculated that chess entered Persia during the reign of Khusraw I Nûshîrwân (531-578 CE).
Later chess passed into the Islamic world, where its name changed to shatranj.
Among other early literary evidence for chess is a middle-Persian epic Karnamak-i-Artakhshatr-i-Papakan which mentions its hero as being skilled at chess. This work is dated with some reserve, however, at 600 CE: The work could have been composed as early as 260 CE and as late as 1000 CE. The earliest evidence which we can date with some certainty is in early Arabic chess literature dating from the early 9th century CE.
Many of the early works on chess gave a legendary history of the invention of chess, often associating it with Nard (a game of the Tables variety like Backgammon). However, only limited credence can be given to these. Even as early as the tenth century Zakaria Yahya commented on the chess myths, "It is said to have been played by Aristotle, by Yafet Ibn Nuh (Japhet son of Noah), by Sam ben Nuh (Shem), by Solomon for the loss of his son, and even by Adam when he grieved for Abel." In one case the invention of chess was attributed to Moses (by the rabbi Abraham ibn Ezra 1130 CE). However, this claim is strongly opposed by Muslims, since Chess is considered by some to be forbidden in Islam.
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Other theories for the origin of chess
India
- Cox-Forbes theory - Chess originated from four-handed chaturanga
- Shahnama theory - Chess as a replacement for war
- Educational theory - Chess designed to teach a prince tactics
- Son's death theory - Chess designed to explain a son's death to mother
Ireland
The main claim for Irish origin is the claim that 2 chess tables were bequested in the will (http://www.kinsella.org/history/cathair.htm) of Cathair Mor who died in 153 CE. The Celtic game of fidchell is believed to be a battle game (as opposed to a hunt game like tafl or brandub) like chess, and possibly a descendant of the Roman game ludus latrunculorum. However, these games were completely unlike chess.
External links
- The history of chess (http://www.karpov.ru/en/club/index.php) on Anatoly Karpov Homepage
- On the origin of chess (http://www.mynetcologne.de/~nc-jostenge/) by different authors
- Origin and Evolution of chess (http://www.cpb.bio.ic.ac.uk/staff/kraaijeveld/lexchess.html) by Alex Kraaijeveld
- A Brief History of Chess (http://www.languagemonitor.com/wst_page17.html) by Paul Payack
- The history and origin of chess (http://www.bits.bris.ac.uk/imran/games/chesshistory.html) by Imran Ghory
- The Origin of Chess (http://www.samsloan.com/origin.htm) by Sam Sloan
- The History of Xiangqi (http://www.yutopian.com/chinesechess/history.html)
- The Origin of Chess (http://www.chessdryad.com/articles/wcc/transcribed/origin.htm)el:Ιστορία του σκακιού