Nimber
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In mathematics, the proper class of nimbers is introduced in combinatorial game theory, where they arise as the sizes of nim heaps. It is the proper class of ordinals endowed with a new nimber addition and nimber multiplication, which are distinct from ordinal addition and ordinal multiplication.
It can be shown that every impartial game is equivalent to a nim heap of a certain size. Nimber addition can be used to calculate the size of a single heap equivalent to a collection of heaps. It is defined recursively by
- α + β = mex{α ′ + β : α ′ < α, α + β ′ : β ′ < β},
where for a set S of ordinals, mex(S) is defined to be the "minimum excluded ordinal", i.e. mex(S) is the smallest ordinal which is not an element of S. For finite ordinals, the nim sum is easily evaluated on computer by taking the exclusive-or of the corresponding numbers (whereby the numbers are given their binary expansions, and the binary expansion of x xor y is evaluated bit-wise).
Nimber multiplication is defined recursively by
- α β = mex{α ′ β + α β ′ − α ′ β ′ : α ′ < α, β ′ < β} = mex{α ′ β + α β ′ + α ′ β ′ : α ′ < α, β ′ < β}.
Except for the fact that nimbers form a proper class and not a set, the class of nimbers determines an algebraically closed field of characteristic 2. The nimber additive identity is the ordinal 0, and the nimber multiplicative identity is the ordinal 1. In keeping with the characteristic being 2, the nimber additive inverse of the ordinal α is α itself. The nimber multiplicative inverse of the nonzero ordinal α is given by 1/α = mex(S), where S is the smallest set of ordinals (nimbers) such that
- 0 is an element of S;
- if 0 < α ′ < α and β ′ is an element of S, then [1 + (α ′ − α) β ′ ]/α ′ is also an element of S.
For all natural numbers n, the set of nimbers less than <math>2^{2^n}<math> form the Galois field <math>GF(2^{2^n})<math> of order <math>2^{2^n}<math>.
Just as in the case of nimber addition, there is a means of computing the nimber product of finite ordinals. This is determined by the rules that
- The nimber product of distinct Fermat 2-powers (numbers of the form <math>2^{2^n}<math>) is equal to their ordinary product;
- The nimber square of a Fermat 2-power x is equal to 3x/2 as evaluated under the ordinary multiplication of natural numbers.
The smallest algebraically closed field of nimbers is the set of nimbers less than the ordinal <math>\omega^{\omega^\omega}<math>, where ω is the smallest infinite ordinal. It follows that as a nimber, <math>\omega^{\omega^\omega}<math> is transcendental over the field.
References
J.H. Conway, On Numbers and Games, Academic Press Inc. (London) Ltd., 1976