Network
From Academic Kids Online Encyclopedia
- For the acclaimed film about Television news, see Network (movie).
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A wide variety of systems of interconnected components are called networks.
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Specific types of network
Media
- Radio networks, which create and distribute radio programming
- Television networks, which create and distribute television programming
Transport and infrastructure
- Transport networks (roads, railroads, shipping routes and airlines)
- Pipelines (gas, petroleum, water, sewage),
- Electricity networks (electric power - generation, transmission and distribution).
Business
- Financial networks, for applications such as funds transfer and credit card authorization.
Electronics and data processing
- Electric circuits - a network of electrical components.
- Digital network - a coupled network of digital (binary) components, for combinational or sequential logic (state machine) implementation
- Neural network
Computer networks and telecommunications
Note: A distinction is made between wide area networks, (WANs) and local area networks (LANs)
- Computer networks, which transfer information between computers. (Specific configurations include star networks and grid networks.)
- The Internet is a large-scale computer network. Also, a website and the whole World Wide Web are networks of webpages, a link web.
- Telecommunications networks
- Public switched telephone networks, which route audio signals from one telephone to another
Human socialization
- When people meet with each other either for socializing or for assistance, the practice is sometimes referred to as networking.
- Social networks, business networks and entrepreneurial networks, are studied in sociology and economics
- The Old Boy Network is a term used when people with prior connections (typically school, college, work, fraternity or clubs) use their prior connections in this manner, or as an informal grapevine.
- Sexual networks
- criminal networks
- Support networks, such as the samaritans or alcoholics anonymous
- Espionage networks, in which controllers "run" agents in small groups. These groups then connect together, making larger networks.
Mathematics
In mathematics, a network is usually called a graph. To put it another way, network theory is the applied mathematics counterpart of graph theory. General-purpose mathematical models of network structures and associated algorithms have been developed in graph theory. Computer network routing is a direct application of graph theory to the real world.
Other
- Spatial networks (either urban networks or networks of rooms within buildings) are the subject of study for space syntax and various other urban theories.
- Network externality in economics
- complex networks, for example scale-free networks or small-world_networks
General information
Networks can be characterized in a number of different ways. For example, many networks are observed to be scale-free networks, in which a few network nodes act as "very connected" hubs.
Further reading
- Linked: The New Science of Networks, Albert-Laszlo Barabasi, Perseus Publishing, 2002. Hardcover Textbook. ISBN 0738206679.
- Nexus: Small Worlds and the Groundbreaking Science of Networks, Mark Buchanan, W. W. Norton, 2002, hardcover, 256 pages, ISBN 0393041530
- Six Degrees: The Science of a Connected Age, Duncan J. Watts, W. W. Norton, February, 2003, Hardcover: 448 pages. ISBN 0393041425
Consumer studies using network theory:
- Tipping Point: How Little things Can Make a Big Difference, Malcolm Gladwell, Little, Brown, 2002, trade paperback, 304 pages, ISBN 0316346624
- Influentials: One American in Ten Tells the Other Nine How to Vote, Where to Eat, and What to Buy, Edward B. Keller, Jonathan L. Berry, Douglas B. Reeves, Free Press, 2003, paperback, ISBN 0743227301
- Branded: The Buying and Selling of Teenagers, Alissa Quart, Perseus, 2002, hardcover, 256 pages, ISBN 0738206644
(bibliography derived from New York Times article, January 25, 2003 "Connect, They Say, Only Connect" (http://www.nytimes.com/2003/01/25/arts/25WATT.html))
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