Juniperus classification
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The Junipers are divided into several sections, though which species belong to which sections is still far from clear (particularly among the scale-leaved species), with research still on-going. The needle-leaved species are an obvious monophyletic group though.
- Juniperus sect. Juniperus: Needle-leaf junipers
- Juniperus sect. Juniperus subsect. Juniperus: Cones with 3 separate seeds; needles with one stomatal band
- Juniperus communis - Common Juniper
- Juniperus communis subsp. alpina- Alpine Juniper
- Juniperus conferta - Shore Juniper
- Juniperus rigida - Temple Juniper or Needle Juniper
- Juniperus communis - Common Juniper
- Juniperus sect. Juniperus subsect. Oxycedrus: Cones with 3 separate seeds; needles with two stomatal bands
- Juniperus brevifolia - Azores Juniper
- Juniperus cedrus - Canary Islands Juniper
- Juniperus formosana - Chinese Juniper
- Juniperus luchuensis - Ryukyu Juniper
- Juniperus oxycedrus - Prickly Juniper
- Juniperus macrocarpa (J. oxycedrus subsp. macrocarpa) - Large-berry Juniper
- Juniperus sect. Juniperus subsect. Arceuthos: Cones with 3 seeds fused together; needles with two stomatal bands
- Juniperus drupacea - Syrian Juniper
- Juniperus sect. Juniperus subsect. Juniperus: Cones with 3 separate seeds; needles with one stomatal band
- Juniperus sect. Sabina: Scale-leaf junipers
- Provisionally, all the other junipers are included here, though they do not form a monophyletic group.