IPA in Unicode
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The International Phonetic Alphabet can be represented in Unicode, with symbols not used in other alphabets assigned range U+0250–02AD. The following is a representation of the IPA chart encoded in Unicode.
There also exist systems for representing the information contained in IPA in ASCII, including SAMPA, Kirshenbaum and other ad hoc systems to work around the difficulty of displaying IPA on computers.
See also: Table of Unicode characters, 128 to 999, Unicode and HTML
| Contents |
Consonants (pulmonic)
| Labial | Coronal | Dorsal | Radical | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Blab. | Ldent. | Dent. | Alv. | Palv. | Apal. | Ret. | Pal. | Velar | Uvular | Phar. | Epig. | Glot. | ||||||||||||||
| Plosive | [[voiceless bilabial plosive|]] | [[voiced bilabial plosive|]] | [[voiceless alveolar plosive|]] | [[voiced alveolar plosive|]] | [[voiceless retroflex plosive|]] | [[voiced retroflex plosive|]] | [[voiceless palatal plosive|]] | [[voiced palatal plosive|]] | [[voiceless velar plosive|]] | [[voiced velar plosive|]] | [[voiceless uvular plosive|]] | [[voiced uvular plosive|]] | [[epiglottal plosive|]] | [[glottal stop|]] | ||||||||||||
| Nasal stop | [[bilabial nasal|]] | [[labiodental nasal|]] | [[alveolar nasal|]] | [[retroflex nasal|]] | [[palatal nasal|]] | [[velar nasal|]] | [[uvular nasal|]] | |||||||||||||||||||
| Trill | [[bilabial trill|]] | [[alveolar trill|]] | [[uvular trill|]] | * | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Tap or Flap | * | * | [[alveolar tap|]] | [[retroflex flap|]] | * | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Lateral Flap | [[alveolar lateral flap|]] | * | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fricative | [[voiceless bilabial fricative|]] | [[voiced bilabial fricative|]] | [[voiceless labiodental fricative|]] | [[voiced labiodental fricative|]] | [[voiceless dental fricative|]] | [[voiced dental fricative|]] | [[voiceless alveolar fricative|]] | [[voiced alveolar fricative|]] | [[voiceless postalveolar fricative|]] | [[voiced postalveolar fricative|]] | [[voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative|]] | [[voiced alveolo-palatal fricative|]] | [[voiceless retroflex fricative|]] | [[voiced retroflex fricative|]] | [[voiceless palatal fricative|]] | [[voiced palatal fricative|]] | [[voiceless velar fricative|]] | [[voiced velar fricative|]] | [[voiceless uvular fricative|]] | [[voiced uvular fricative|]] | [[voiceless pharyngeal fricative|]] | [[voiced pharyngeal fricative|]] | [[voiceless epiglottal fricative|]] | [[voiced epiglottal fricative|]] | [[voiceless glottal fricative|]] | [[voiced glottal fricative|]] |
| Lateral Fricative | Template:IPA | Template:IPA | * | * | * | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Approximant | * | [[labiodental approximant|]] | [[alveolar approximant|]] | [[retroflex approximant|]] | [[palatal approximant|]] | [[velar approximant|]] | Template:IPA | Template:IPA | Template:IPA | |||||||||||||||||
| Lateral Approximant | [[alveolar lateral approximant|]] | [[retroflex lateral approximant|]] | [[palatal lateral approximant|]] | [[velar lateral approximant|]] | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Notes:
- Where symbols appear in pairs (the obstruents), the one to the right represents a voiced consonant (except for breathy-voiced [[voiced glottal fricative|]]). Otherwise (the sonorants), the single symbol is voiced.
- Shaded areas indicate articulations judged impossible.
- Asterisks (*) mark reported sounds that do not (yet) have official IPA symbols. See the articles on the appropriate manner for ad hoc symbols found in the literature.
- The voiced fricative symbols, especially Template:IPA, may be used for either voiced fricatives or approximants.
- It is primarily the shape of the tongue rather than its position that distinguishes the fricatives Template:IPA, Template:IPA, and Template:IPA.
- The labiodental nasal Template:IPA is not known to exist as a phoneme in any language.
Consonants (non-pulmonic)
| Click releases | Implosives | Ejectives | |||
| [[bilabial click|]] | Bilabial | [[voiced bilabial implosive|]] | Bilabial | Template:IPA | For example: |
| [[dental click|]] | Laminal alveolar ("dental") | [[voiced alveolar implosive|]] | Alveolar | [[bilabial ejective|]] | Bilabial |
| [[postalveolar click|]] | Apical (post)alveolar ("retroflex") | [[voiced palatal implosive|]] | Palatal | [[alveolar ejective|]] | Alveolar |
| [[palatal click|]] | Laminal postalveolar ("palatal") | [[voiced velar implosive|]] | Velar | [[velar ejective|]] | Velar |
| [[alveolar lateral click|]] | Lateral alveolar ("lateral") | [[voiced uvular implosive|]] | Uvular | [[alveolar ejective fricative|]] | Alveolar fricative |
Notes:
- Clicks are doubly articulated and require two symbols: a velar or uvular stop, plus a symbol for the release: Template:IPA, etc.
- Symbols for the voiceless implosives Template:IPA are no longer supported by the IPA. Instead, the voiced equivalent is used with a voiceless diacritic: Template:IPA, etc.
- Although not reported from any language, the retroflex implosive, Template:Unicode, is supported in the Unicode Phonetic Extensions Supplement.
- The ejective symbol is also used for glottalized but pulmonic sonorants, such as Template:IPA.
Vowels
Notes:
- Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a rounded vowel. Template:IPA also represents a rounded vowel.
- Template:IPA is not confirmed as a distinct phoneme in any language.
Other symbols
Symbols for consonants with double or secondary articulation
| [[voiceless labial-velar fricative|]] | Voiceless labial-velar approximant |
| [[labial-velar approximant|]] | Voiced labial-velar approximant |
| [[labial-palatal approximant|]] | Voiced labial-palatal approximant |
| [[voiceless dorso-palatal velar fricative|]] | Voiceless "dorso-palatal" fricative |
Note:
- The nature of Template:IPA is disputed. See the article for discussion.
Affricates and doubly articulated stops are represented by two symbols joined by a tie bar either above or below the symbols, or optionally by a ligature for the six commonest affricates, though this is not current IPA usage:
| Ligature | Tie bar | Description |
|---|---|---|
| [[voiceless alveolar affricate|]] | Template:IPA | voiceless alveolar affricate |
| [[voiceless postalveolar affricate|]] | Template:IPA | voiceless postalveolar affricate |
| [[voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate|]] | Template:IPA | voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate |
| [[voiced alveolar affricate|]] | Template:IPA | voiced alveolar affricate |
| [[voiced postalveolar affricate|]] | Template:IPA | voiced postalveolar affricate |
| [[voiced alveolo-palatal affricate|]] | Template:IPA | voiced alveolo-palatal affricate |
| – | [[voiceless labial-velar plosive|]] | voiceless labial-velar plosive |
| – | [[voiced labial-velar plosive|]] | voiced labial-velar plosive |
| – | [[labial-velar nasal|]] | labial-velar nasal stop |
Note:
- Due to a bug in the Arial Unicode MS font, these incorrectly formed character combinations may look better in your browser: Template:IPA.
Extended IPA for disordered speech
| [[velopharyngeal fricative|]] | Velopharyngeal fricative |
| [[lateralized s|]] | Lateralized [s] |
| [[lateralized z|]] | Lateralized [z] |
| [[bilabial percussive|]] | Bilabial percussive |
| [[bidental percussive|]] | Bidental percussive |
| [[sublaminal lower alveolar click|]] | Sublaminal lower alveolar click |
Suprasegmentals
| Template:IPA | Primary stress |
| Template:IPA | Secondary stress |
| Template:IPA | Long (long vowel or geminate consonant) |
| Template:IPA | Half-long |
| Template:IPA | Extra-short |
| Template:IPA | Syllable break |
| Template:IPA | Minor (foot) group |
| Template:IPA | Major (intonation) group |
| Template:IPA | Linking (absence of a break) |
Tone and intonation
| Template:IPA | Extra high |
| Template:IPA | High |
| Template:IPA | Mid |
| Template:IPA | Low |
| Template:IPA | Extra low |
| Template:IPA | Rise |
| Template:IPA | Fall |
| Template:IPAe | Downstep |
| Template:IPAe | Upstep |
| Template:IPA | Global rise |
| Template:IPA | Global fall |
Note:
- Unicode does not have separate encodings for most of the contour tones. Instead, sequences of level tone marks are used, with proper display dependent on the font, usually by means of OpenType font rendition: Template:IPA or Template:IPA. (These are probably not displaying correctly in your browser.) Since very few fonts support such combinations of tone marks, a common solution is to use the old system of superscript numerals from '1' to '5', e.g. [e53, e312]. However, this depends on local linguistic tradition, with '5' generally being high and '1' being low for Asian languages, but '1' being high and '5' low for African languages. An old IPA convention sometimes still seen is to use sub-diacritics for low contour tones: Template:IPA for low-falling and low-rising.
- The upstep and downstep diacritics are superscript arrows. Unicode currently does not have separate encodings for them.
Diacritics
Diacritics may be placed above a symbol with a descender, i.e. Template:IPA
| Template:IPA | Voiceless | Template:IPA | Breathy voiced | Template:IPA | Dental |
| Template:IPA | Voiced | Template:IPA | Creaky voiced | Template:IPA | Apical |
| Template:IPA | Aspirated | Template:IPA | Linguolabial | Template:IPA | Laminal |
| Template:IPA | More rounded | Template:IPA | Labialized | Template:IPA | Nasalized |
| Template:IPA | Less rounded | Template:IPA | Palatalized | Template:IPA | Nasal release |
| Template:IPA | Advanced | Template:IPA | Velarized | Template:IPA | Lateral release |
| Template:IPA | Retracted | Template:IPA | Pharyngealized | Template:IPA | No audible release |
| Template:IPA | Centralized | Template:IPA | Velarized or pharyngealized | ||
| Template:IPA | Mid-centralized | Template:IPA | Raised (Template:IPA = voiced alveolar fricative) | ||
| Template:IPA | Syllabic | Template:IPA | Lowered (Template:IPA = voiced bilabial approximant) | ||
| Template:IPA | Non-syllabic | Template:IPA | Advanced tongue root | ||
| Template:IPA | Rhoticity | Template:IPA | Retracted Tongue Root | ||
The state of the glottis can be finely transcribed. A series of alveolar plosives ranging from an open to a closed glottis phonation are:
- Template:IPA (voiceless)
- Template:IPA (breathy voice, also called murmured)
- Template:IPA (slack voice)
- Template:IPA (modal voice)
- Template:IPA (stiff voice)
- Template:IPA (creaky voice)
- Template:IPA (glottal closure).
Extended IPA for disordered speech.
| Template:IPA | Labial spreading | Strong articulation | Template:IPA | Denasal | |
| Template:IPA | Dentolabial | Template:IPA | Weak articulation | Template:IPA | Nasal escape |
| Interdental/bidental | Reiterated articulation | Template:IPA | Velopharyngeal friction | ||
| Template:IPA | Alveolar | Template:IPA | Whistled articulation | Template:IPA | Ingressive airflow |
| Template:IPA | Linguolabial | Template:IPA | Slurred/sliding articulation | Template:IPA | Egressive airflow |
| Template:IPA | Pre-aspiration | Template:IPA | Unaspirated | Template:IPA | Whispery |
| Template:IPA | Partial voicing | Template:IPA | Initial partial voicing | Template:IPA | Final partial voicing |
| Template:IPA | Partial devoicing | Template:IPA | Initial partial devoicing | Template:IPA | Final partial devoicing |
| Template:IPA | Pre-voicing | Template:IPA | Post-voicing | Template:IPA | Creaky |
Names of the symbols
It is often desirable to distinguish an IPA symbol from the sound it's intended to represent, since there is not a one-to-one correspondance between symbol and sound in broad transcription. The names are not official, but they've become standardized through usage.
The Letters
The traditional names of the Latin and Greek letters are used for unmodified symbols: b bee, x ex, Template:IPA capital ar, Template:IPA beta, Template:IPA epsilon, Template:IPA gamma, Template:IPA theta, Template:IPA chi, Template:IPA phi, etc. Although the typeface of the Greek letters is less cursive in IPA usage than is usual, the names don't change. Likewise, it is not necessary to specify that Template:IPA is a 'small' capital, although it is common to abbreviate the name to cap ar.
A few letters have the forms of cursive script: Template:IPA cursive a, Template:IPA cursive vee [some might call this upsilon].
Ligatures are called precisely that: Template:IPA o-e ligature, Template:IPA el-yogh ligature, although Template:IPA is frequently called by its traditional runic name ash in addition to an a-e ligature.
Many letters are turned, or rotated 180 degrees: Template:IPA turned wye, Template:IPA turned aitch, Template:IPA turned capital ar, Template:IPA turned cursive a, Template:IPA turned cee [often called open o, which describes both its articulation and its shape], Template:IPA turned vee [often called caret from its similarity to the diacritic ^].
A few letters are reversed (flipped on a vertical axis): Template:IPA reversed e, Template:IPA reversed epsilon, Template:IPA reversed glottal stop [often called by its Arabic name, ain].
One letter is inverted (flipped on a horizontal axis): Template:IPA inverted ar. (Template:IPA could also be called an inverted double-u, but turned double-u is more common.)
When a horizontal stroke is added, it is called a bar: Template:IPA barred aitch, Template:IPA barred o, Template:IPA reversed barred glottal stop, Template:IPA barred dotless jay or barred gelded jay [apparently never 'turned ef'], Template:IPA double-barred pipe, etc.
One letter instead has a slash through it: Template:IPA slashed o.
The implosives have hook tops: Template:IPA hook-top bee, as does Template:IPA hook-top aitch.
Such an extension at the bottom of a letter is called a tail. It may be specified as left or right depending on which direction it turns: Template:IPA right-tail en, Template:IPA right-tail turned ar, Template:IPA left-tail en [note that Template:IPA has its own traditional name, engma], Template:IPA left-tail em, Template:IPA tail zed [or just retroflex zed], etc.
When the tail loops over itself, it's called curly: Template:IPA curly-tail jay, Template:IPA curly-tail cee.
There are also a few unique modifications: Template:IPA belted el, Template:IPA closed reversed epsilon [there was once also a Template:IPA closed omega], Template:IPA right-leg turned em, Template:IPA turned long-leg ar, Template:IPA double pipe, and the obsolete Template:IPA stretched cee.
Several non-English letters have traditional names: Template:IPA cee cedilla, Template:IPA eth (also spelled edh), Template:IPA engma, Template:IPA yogh, Template:IPA schwa, Template:IPA exclamation mark, Template:IPA pipe.
Other symbols are unique to the IPA, and have developed their own quirky names: Template:IPA fish-hook ar, Template:IPA ram's horns, Template:IPA bull's eye, Template:IPA horse-shoe u, Template:IPA esh [apparently never 'stretched ess'], Template:IPA hook-top heng.
The Template:IPA is usually called by the sound it represents, glottal stop. This is not normally a problem, because this symbol is seldom used to represent anything else. However, to specify the symbol itself, it is sometimes called a gelded question mark.
The diacritic marks
Diacritics with traditional names: Template:IPA acute, Template:IPA macron, Template:IPA grave, Template:IPA caron or circumflex, Template:IPA wedge, Template:IPA umlaut or trema, Template:IPA breve, Template:IPA (superscript) tilde, Template:IPA subscript tilde, Template:IPA superimposed tilde.
And so forth: the voicing diacritic, for example, is a subscript wedge.
Non-traditional diacritics:
Template:IPA seagull, Template:IPA hook, Template:IPA over-cross, Template:IPA corner, Template:IPA bridge, Template:IPA inverted bridge, Template:IPA square, Template:IPA under-ring, Template:IPA over-ring, Template:IPA left half-ring, Template:IPA right half-ring, Template:IPA plus, Template:IPA under-bar, Template:IPA arch, Template:IPA up tack, Template:IPA down tack, Template:IPA left tack, Template:IPA right tack, Template:IPA tie bar, Template:IPA under-dot, Template:IPA under-stroke.
Diacritics are also named after their function: the bridge is also called the dental sign, etc.
History
The International Phonetic Association was founded in Paris in 1886 under the name Dhi Fonètik Tîcerz' Asóciécon (The Phonetic Teachers' Association), a development of L'Association Phonétique des Professeurs d'Anglais (The English Teachers' Phonetic Association), to create an international phonetic alphabet. The sources for many of the symbols was Henry Sweet's Revised Romic system, which was in turn based on Pitman and Alexander Ellis's Phonotypic Alphabet. Several of the symbols, such as Template:IPA and Template:IPA, had been used since the early 17th century.
1887
Note: this early version of the IPA was presented as a list (with examples from European languages) instead of the now common articulatory chart used today.
| Front | Central | Back | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Close | Template:IPA | Template:IPA | |||
| Close-mid | Template:IPA | Template:IPA | |||
| Template:IPA | |||||
| Open-mid | Template:IPA | Template:IPA | |||
| Template:IPA | |||||
| Open | Template:IPA | Template:IPA | |||
Diacritics
| hl, lh | voiceless l |
| u: | long u |
| ã | nasal a |
| û | long and narrow u |
| -u, u- | weak stressed u |
| ·u, u·, ù | strong stressed u |
1900
This section is a stub. You can help by adding to it (http://academickids.com/encyclopedia/index.php?title=IPA_in_Unicode&action=edit).
| Laryn- gales | Gutturales | Uvulaires | Vélaires | Palatales | Linguales | Labiales | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| C O N S O N N E S | Plosives | ʔ | | q G | k ɡ | c ɟ | t d | p b |
| Nasales | | ŋ | ɲ | n | m | |||
| Latérales | | ɫ | ʎ | l | ||||
| Roulées | | Q | ᴙ ʀ | r | ||||
| Fricatives | h | H ɦ | ᴚ ʁ | (ʍ w) x ɡ̸ | (ɥ) ç j | ɹ, θ ð, ʃ ʒ, s z, * * | f v F ʋ ʍ w ɥ | |
| V O Y E L L E S | Fermées Mi-fermées Moyennes Mi-ouvertes Ouvertes | u ɯ ü ï y i ᴜ Y I | (u ü y) (o ö ø) (ɔ ɔ̈ œ) | |||||
- * no Unicode character (?)
1932
Other sounds (to be written) pʻ ƪ ƺ ř ƫ ż = z̢ σ ƍ ọ ǫ k̫ o͆ ʓ ʆ ʇ ʖ ʗ
1989
The 1989 version of the IPA differed from the current (1993) version in only two respects:
- There was still only a single pair of mid central vowels, Template:IPA, with Template:IPA provided as an "additional" mid central vowel (as in 1932);
- The voiceless implosives were recognized with their own symbols, Template:IPA.
See also
External links
- International Phonetic Alphabet in Unicode (http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/wells/ipa-unicode.htm)
- IPA chart - in glorious Technicolor Unicode (http://web.uvic.ca/ling/resources/ipa/charts/unicode_ipa-chart.htm)
- An introduction to the sounds of languages (http://hctv.humnet.ucla.edu/departments/linguistics/VowelsandConsonants/vowels/contents.html)
- IPA Chart (http://www.linguiste.org/phonetics/ipa/chart/) in Unicode and XHTML/CSS
- Interactive symbol selector (http://www.linguiste.org/phonetics/ipa/chart/keyboard/)
Special characters
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