Hidden Markov model

A hidden Markov model (HMM) is a statistical model where the system being modelled is assumed to be a Markov process with unknown parameters, and the challenge is to determine the hidden parameters, from the observable parameters, based on this assumption. The extracted model parameters can then be used to perform further analysis, for example for pattern recognition applications.

In a regular Markov model, the state is directly visible to the observer, and therefore the state transition probabilities are the only parameters. A hidden Markov model adds outputs: each state has a probability distribution over the possible output tokens. Therefore, looking at a sequence of tokens generated by an HMM does not directly indicate the sequence of states.

Contents

State transitions in a hidden Markov model

Markov Model Example. - x — States of the Markov model - a — Transition probabilities - b — Output probabilities - y — Observable outputs
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Markov Model Example.
- x — States of the Markov model
- a — Transition probabilities
- b — Output probabilities
- y — Observable outputs


Evolution of a Markov model

The preceding diagram emphasizes the state transitions of a hidden Markov model. It is also useful to explicitly represent the evolution of the model over time, with the states at different times t1 and t2 represented by different variables, x(t1) and x(t2).

Missing image
Hmm_temporal_bayesian_net.png
Temporal evolution of a hidden Markov model

In this diagram, it is understood that the time slices (x(t), y(t)) extend to previous and following times as needed. Typically the earliest slice is at time t=0 or time t=1.

Using Markov models

There are 3 canonical problems to solve with HMMs:

  • Given the model parameters, compute the probability of a particular output sequence. Solved by the forward algorithm.
  • Given the model parameters, find the most likely sequence of (hidden) states which could have generated a given output sequence. Solved by the Viterbi algorithm.
  • Given an output sequence, find the most likely set of state transition and output probabilities. Solved by the Baum-Welch algorithm.

A concrete example

Template:HMM example

This example is further elaborated in Viterbi algorithm page.

Applications of hidden Markov models

See also

References

External links

  • Hidden Markov Models (http://www.cs.brown.edu/research/ai/dynamics/tutorial/Documents/HiddenMarkovModels.html) (an exposition using basic mathematics)
  • GHMM Library (http://www.ghmm.org) (home page of the GHMM Library project)

nl:Hidden Markov Model ja:隠れマルコフモデル vi:HMM

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